“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Cthemusic-listeningpublicDmusiccriticsgenerallyEHagginexclusively
5.TheauthormentionsSchumannandBrahmsprimarilyinorderto
AprovideexamplesofcomposerswhoareoftencomparedwithMendelssohnBidentifycertaincomposerswhoaremorepopularthanMendelssohnCidentifycomposerswhomMendelssohninfluencedDestablishthemilieuinwhichMendelssohnworked
EestablishastandardofcomparisonforMendelssohnasacomposerQuestions6and7arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Whilemostscholarshiponwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesrecognizesthattheSecondWorldWar(1939–1945)dramaticallychangedtheroleofwomenintheworkforce,thesestudiesalsoacknowledgethatfewwomenremainedinmanufacturingjobsoncemenreturnedfromthewar.Butinagriculture,unlikeotherindustrieswherewomenwereviewedastemporaryworkers,women’semploymentdidnotendwiththewar.Instead,theexpansionofagricultureandasteadydecreaseinthenumberofmalefarmworkerscombinedtocausetheindustrytohiremorewomeninthepostwaryears.Consequently,the1950ssawagrowingnumberofwomenengagedinfarmlabor,eventhoughrhetoricinthepopularmediacalledforthereturnofwomentodomesticlife.
6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanufacturingandagriculturalsectorsintheUnitedStatesfollowingtheSecondWorldWardifferedinwhichofthefollowingrespects?ATherateofexpansionineachsector
BThepercentageofemployeesineachsectorwhoweremenCThetrendinthewagesofmenemployedineachsector
DTheattitudeofthepopularmediatowardtheemploymentofwomenineachsector
ETheextenttowhichwomenineachsectorweresatisfiedwiththeirjobs
7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesduringandaftertheSecondWorldWarismostclearlysupportedbythepassage?
AMostwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwantedtoreturntodomesticlifewhenthewarended.
BThegreatmajorityofwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwereemployedinmanufacturingjobs.
CTheendoftheSecondWorldWarwasfollowedbyalarge-scaletransferofwomenworkersfrommanufacturingtoagriculture.
DTheincreaseinwomen’semploymentthataccompaniedtheSecondWorldWarwaslongerlastinginagriculturethanitwasinmanufacturing.
EThepopularmediaweremoreforcefulincallingforwomentojointheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarthanincallingforwomento
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
returntodomesticlifeafterthewar.
Questions8and9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
SincetheHawaiianIslandshaveneverbeenconnectedtootherlandmasses,thegreatvarietyofplantsinHawaiimustbearesultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds,aprocessthatrequiresbothamethodoftransportandanequivalencebetweentheecologyofthesourceareaandthatoftherecipientarea.
Thereissomedisputeaboutthemethodoftransportinvolved.SomebiologistsarguethatoceanandaircurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii.Yettheresultsofflotationexperimentsandthelowtemperaturesofaircurrentscastdoubtonthesehypotheses.Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.WhileitislikelythatfewervarietiesofplantseedshavereachedHawaiiexternallythaninternally,morevarietiesareknowntobeadaptedtoexternalthantointernaltransport.
8.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith
AdiscussingdifferentapproachesbiologistshavetakentotestingtheoriesaboutthedistributionofplantsinHawaii
BdiscussingdifferenttheoriesaboutthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii
CdiscussingtheextenttowhichaircurrentsareresponsibleforthedispersalofplantseedstoHawaii
Dresolvingadisputeabouttheadaptabilityofplantseedstobirdtransport
Eresolvingadisputeabouttheabilityofbirdstocarryplantseedslongdistances
9.Theauthormentionstheresultsofflotationexperimentsonplantseeds(lines7–8)mostprobablyinorderto
AsupporttheclaimthatthedistributionofplantsinHawaiiistheresultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds
BlendcredibilitytothethesisthataircurrentsprovideamethodoftransportforplantseedstoHawaii
Csuggestthatthelong-distancedispersalofseedsisaprocessthatrequireslongperiodsoftimeDchallengetheclaimthatoceancurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaiiErefutetheclaimthatHawaiianfloraevolvedindependentlyfromflorainotherpartsoftheworld
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
ReadingComprehensionQuestions:Medium
Questions1and2arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
IenjoyedADreamofLight&Shadow:PortraitsofLatinAmericanWomenWritersforthesamereasonsthat,asachild,Iavidlyconsumedwomen’sbiographies:thefascinationwithhowthebiographicaldetailsofanotherfemale’slifearerepresentedandinterpreted.
ADreamoffersarichread,variedinboththelivesandtextsofthewomenportrayed,andtheperspectivesandstylesofthesixteenessayists.Yet,asanadult,Ihavecometodemandofanyreally“great”bookaself-consciousnessaboutthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality,acriticalcontextualizationoffloriddetail,andaself-awarenessoftheroleofideologyinourlives.Inthesecriticalsenses,ADreamisinadequate.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatADreamfallsshortinwhichofthefollowingrespects?AItdoesnotappeartorecognizethatrepresentationsofrealitycanbeunreliable.BItseemstofocusonstylisticvarietyattheexpenseofaccuracyofdetail.
CItoffersawealthofdetailwithoutsufficientcriticalexaminationofthatdetail.
2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondsentence(“ADream...essayists”)inthecontextofthepassageasawhole?
ATogiveexamplesofhowADreampresentsfascinatingportraitsthatdisplayawarenessofthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality
BToelaborateonhowADreamfulfillstheauthor’schildhoodcriteriaforapleasurablebook
CTosuggestthattheauthorenjoyedADreamforreasonsmoresophisticatedthanthereasonssheenjoyedcertainbooksasachild
DToillustratewaysinwhichtheauthorfindsADreamtobeinadequateincertaincriticalsensesEToimplythatADreamistoovariedinfocustoprovideapropercontextualizationofthebiographicaldetailsitoffers
3.DuringthedayinLakeConstance,thezooplanktonD.hyalinadepartsforthedepthswherefoodisscarceandthewatercold.D.galeataremainsnearthewarmsurfacewherefoodisabundant.EventhoughD.galeatagrowsandreproducesmuchfaster,itspopulationisoftenoutnumberedbyD.Hyalina.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldhelpresolvetheapparentparadoxpresentedabove?
AThenumberofspeciesofzooplanktonlivingatthebottomofthelakeistwicethatofspecieslivingatthesurface.
BPredatorsofzooplankton,suchaswhitefishandperch,liveandfeednearthesurfaceofthelakeduringtheday.
CInordertomakethemostofscarcefoodresources,D.hyalinamaturesmoreslowlythanD.galeata.
DD.galeataclustersundervegetationduringthehottestpartofthedaytoavoidtheSun’srays.
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
ED.galeataproducestwiceasmanyoffspringperindividualinanygivenperiodoftimeasdoesD.Hyalina.
Questions4and5arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Tocqueville,apparently,waswrong.JacksonianAmericawasnotafluid,egalitariansocietywhereindividualwealthandpovertywereephemeralconditions.Atleastso
arguesE.PesseninhisiconoclasticstudyoftheveryrichintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850.
Pessendoespresentaquantityofexamples,togetherwithsomerefreshinglyintelligiblestatistics,toestablishtheexistenceofaninordinatelywealthyclass.Thoughactiveincommerceortheprofessions,mostofthewealthywerenotself-madebuthadinheritedfamilyfortunes.Innosensemercurial,thesegreatfortunessurvivedthefinancialpanicsthatdestroyedlesserones.Indeed,inseveralcitiesthewealthiestonepercentconstantlyincreaseditsshareuntilby1850itownedhalfofthecommunity’swealth.Althoughtheseobservationsaretrue,PessenoverestimatestheirimportancebyconcludingfromthemthattheundoubtedprogresstowardinequalityinthelateeighteenthcenturycontinuedintheJacksonianperiodandthattheUnitedStateswasaclass-ridden,plutocraticsocietyevenbeforeindustrialization.
4.Accordingtothepassage,PessenindicatesthatallofthefollowingweretrueoftheverywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850EXCEPT:ATheyformedadistinctupperclass.
BManyofthemwereabletoincreasetheirholdings.CSomeofthemworkedasprofessionalsorinbusiness.DMostofthemaccumulatedtheirownfortunes.
EManyofthemretainedtheirwealthinspiteoffinancialupheavals.
5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor’smainpoint?
APessen’sstudyhasoverturnedthepreviouslyestablishedviewofthesocialandeconomicstructureofearly-nineteenth-centuryAmerica.
BTocqueville’sanalysisoftheUnitedStatesintheJacksonianeraremainsthedefinitiveaccountofthisperiod.
CPessen’sstudyisvaluableprimarilybecauseitshowsthecontinuityofthesocialsystemintheUnitedStatesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.
DThesocialpatternsandpoliticalpoweroftheextremelywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850arewelldocumented.
EPessenchallengesaviewofthesocialandeconomicsystemsintheUnitedStatesfrom1825to1850,buthedrawsconclusionsthatareincorrect.
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Questions6to9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Theevolutionofintelligenceamongearlylargemammalsofthegrasslandswasdueingreatmeasuretotheinteractionbetweentwoecologicallysynchronizedgroupsof
theseanimals,thehuntingcarnivoresandtheherbivoresthattheyhunted.Theinteractionresultingfromthedifferencesbetweenpredatorandpreyledtoageneral
improvementinbrainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewereimprovedfarmorethanothers.
Thekindofintelligencefavoredbytheinterplayofincreasinglysmartercatchers
andincreasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattention—thataspectofmindcarryingconsciousnessforwardfromonemomenttothenext.Itrangesfromapassive,free-floatingawarenesstoahighlyfocused,activefixation.Therangethroughthesestatesismediatedbythearousalsystem,anetworkoftractsconvergingfromsensorysystemstointegratingcentersinthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxedtothemorevigorouslevels,sensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.Theorganismismoreawake,morevigilant;thisincreasedvigilanceresultsintheapprehensionofevermoresubtlesignalsastheorganismbecomesmoresensitivetoitssurroundings.Theprocessesofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentionitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneral,withafloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstem;thengraduallytheactivationischanneled.Thusbeginsconcentration,theholdingofconsistentimages.Onemeaningofintelligenceisthewayinwhichtheseimagesandotheralertlysearchedinformationareusedinthecontextofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentandpermitstheintegrationofdetailswithperceivedendsandpurposes.
Theelementsofintelligenceandconsciousnesscometogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorandprey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescapingorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimal,arousalstimulatestheproductionofadrenalineandnorepinephrinebytheadrenalglands,theeffectinherbivoresisprimarilyfear,whereasincarnivorestheeffectisprimarilyaggression.Forboth,arousalattunestheanimaltowhatisahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowit,buttheanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive,inner-directed,tunedbythenervoussystemandtheadrenalhormones,butawareinasenseclosertohumanconsciousnessthan,say,ahungrylizard’sinstinctivesnapatapassingbeetle.Usingpasteventsasaframework,thelargemammalpredatorisworkingoutarelationshipbetweenmovementandfood,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsounds—andyesterday’sunforgottenlessons.Theherbivorepreyisofadifferentmind.Itsmoodofwarinessratherthansearchinganditsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadofanticipatingaresilk-thinveilsoftranquillityoveranexplosiveendocrinesystem.
6.Theauthorreferstoahungrylizard(line29)primarilyinorderto
AdemonstratethesimilaritybetweenthehuntingmethodsofmammalsandthoseofnonmammalsBbroadentheapplicationoftheargumentbyincludinganinsectivoreasanexampleCmakeadistinctionbetweenhigherandlowerlevelsofconsciousness
DprovideanadditionalillustrationofthebrutalitycharacteristicofpredatorsEofferanobjectiontosuggestionsthatallanimalslackconsciousness
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