“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
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reportedlydependsonsleep.Evenifsuchstudiesweredone,theycouldonlyclarifyourunderstandingoftheroleofREMsleep,notsleepingeneral.
Theseresearchersalsoclaimthatimprovementsofmemoryovernightcanbeexplainedbythemerepassageoftime,ratherthanattributedtosleep.Butrecentstudiesofmemoryperformanceaftersleep—includingonedemonstratingthatsleepstabilizesdeclarativememoriesfromfutureinterferencecausedbymentalactivityduringwakefulness—makethisclaimunsustainable.Certainlytherearememoryconsolidationprocessesthatoccuracrossperiodsofwakefulness,someofwhichneitherdependonnorareenhancedbysleep.Butwhensleepiscomparedwithwakefulness,andperformanceisbetteraftersleep,thensomebenefitofsleepformemorymustbeacknowledged.
11.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
ApresenttheevidencethatsupportsaparticularclaimregardingREMsleepandmemoryBdescribehowvariousfactorscontributetotheeffectofsleeponmemoryCargueagainstaparticularpositionregardingsleep’sroleinmemoryDsummarizethemostprevalenttheoryregardingsleepandmemoryEdefendtheimportanceoftheconsolidationofdeclarativememory
12.Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,whichofthefollowinggeneralizationsaboutmemoryandsleepistrue?
ATherearesomememory-consolidationprocessesthathavenothingtodowithsleep.
BSleepismoreimportanttotheconsolidationofdeclarativememorythantotheconsolidationofothertypesofmemory.
CREMsleepismoreimportanttomemoryconsolidationthanisnon-REMsleep.
DTherearesignificantvariationsintheamountofsleepthatpeoplerequireforthesuccessfulconsolidationofmemory.
EItislikelythatmemoryismorethoroughlyconsolidatedduringwakefulnessthanduringsleep.13.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentencein13–14(“Certainly...sleep”)?
AItprovidesthereasoningbehindaclaimabouttheroleofsleepinmemoryconsolidation.BItexplainswhyapreviousclaimaboutsleepandmemoryisunsustainable.
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CItdemonstrateswhywakefulnessiscentraltotheprocessofdeclarativememoryconsolidation.DItemphasizesthelimitedrolesleepplaysintheprocessofdeclarativememoryconsolidation.EItconcedesthattheconsolidationofdeclarativememorydoesnotdependentirelyononefactor.14.Theimportanceofthestudymentionedinlines10–13isthatit
ArevealsthemechanismbywhichdeclarativememoryisstabilizedduringsleepBidentifiesaspecificfunctionthatsleepplaysinthememory-consolidationprocess
CdemonstratesthatsomekindsofmentalactivitycaninterferewithmemoryconsolidationDsuggeststhatsleepandwakefulnessarebothimportanttomemoryconsolidationEexplainshowthepassageoftimecontributestomemoryconsolidation
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Foreachofquestions20to25,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Question20arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
AstronomersfoundalargebodyorbitingclosetothestarUpsilonAndromedae.Thestandardtheoryofplanetformationholdsthatnoplanetthatlargecouldbeformedsoclosetoastar,leadingtothesuggestionthatthebodyisacompanionstar.Asubsequentdiscoveryputsthatsuggestionindoubt:twootherlargebodieswerefoundorbitingclosetoUpsilonAndromedae,andthestandardtheoryofcompanionstarsallowsforatmostonecompanionstar.
20.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvethestatusoftheorbitingbodywithoutcastingdoubtonthetwostandardtheoriesmentioned?
AThesmalleraplanetorbitingastaris,andthefartherawayitisfromthestar,thelesslikelyitistobediscovered.
BIfaplanet’sorbitisdisturbed,theplanetcanbedrawnbygravitytowardthestaritisorbiting.CThelargestofthebodiesorbitingUpsilonAndromedaeisthefarthestawayfromthestar,andthesmallestisthenearest.
DItislikelythattherearemanystars,inadditiontoUpsilonAndromedaeandtheSun,thatareorbitedbymorethanonesmallerbody.
EInmostcasesofcompanionstars,thesmallercompanionismuchfainterthanthelargerstar.Question21arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
InGilavia,thenumberofreportedworkplaceinjurieshasdeclined16percentinthelastfiveyears.However,perhapspartofthedeclineresultsfrominjuriesgoingunreported:manyemployershaveintroducedsafety-incentiveprograms,suchasprizedrawingsforwhichonlyemployeeswhohaveaperfectwork-safetyrecordareeligible.Sinceaworkplaceinjurywoulddisqualifyanemployeefromsuchprograms,someemployeesmightbeconcealinginjury,whenitisfeasibletodoso.21.Whichofthefollowing,iftrueinGilavia,moststronglysupportstheproposedexplanation?AInthelastfiveyears,therehasbeennodeclineinthenumberofworkplaceinjuriesleadingtoimmediateadmissiontoahospitalemergencyroom.
BEmployersgenerallyhavetopayfinancialcompensationtoemployeeswhosufferwork-relatedinjuries.
CManyinjuriesthathappenonthejobareinjuriesthatwouldbeimpossibletoconcealandyetwouldnotbesevereenoughtorequireanychangetoeithertheemployee’sworkscheduleortheemployee’sjobresponsibilities.
DAcontinuingshiftinemploymentpatternshasledtoadeclineinthepercentageoftheworkforcethatisemployedinthedangerousoccupationsinwhichworkplaceinjuriesarelikely.EEmployerswhohaveinstitutedsafety-incentiveprogramsdonotingeneralhavealowerproportionofreportedworkplaceinjuriesamongtheiremployeesthandoemployerswithoutsuchprograms.
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
s22and23arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.QuestionQuestions
Theattributionofearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishfictionisnotoriouslyproblematic.Fewerthan
halfofnewnovelspublishedinBritainbetween1800and1829hadtheauthor’struenameprintedonthetitlepage.Mostofthesetitleshavesubsequentlybeenattributed,eitherthroughtheauthor’sownacknowledgmentofapreviouslyanonymousorpseudonymouswork,orthroughbibliographicalresearch.Oneimportanttoolavailabletoresearchersisthelistofearlierworks“bytheauthor”oftenfoundontitlepages.Butsuchlistsareaslikelytocreatenewconfusionastheyaretosolveoldproblems.Titlepagesweregenerallypreparedlastinthepublicationprocess,oftenwithoutfullauthorialassent,andinthelast-minuterushtopress,mistakeswerefrequentlymade.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.22.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingfactorscontributestothe“notoriouslyproblematic”(line1)natureofauthorialattributioninearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishfiction?ATheunwillingnessofanywriterstoacknowledgetheirauthorshipofworksthatwereoriginallypublishedanonymouslyorpseudonymously
BThepossibilitythatthetitlepageofaworkmayattributeworkswrittenbyotherauthorstotheauthorofthatwork
CThepossibilitythattheauthor’snameprintedonatitlepageisfictitious
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.23.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisfrequentlytrueofthetitlepagesofearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishnovels?
AThetitlepagewaspreparedforprintinginahurriedmanner.
BMaterialonthetitlepagewasincludedwithouttheauthor’sknowledgeorapproval.
CInformationonthetitlepagewasdeliberatelyfalsifiedtomakethenovelmoremarketable.s24and25arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.QuestionQuestions
Themoredefinitionsagivennounhas,themorevaluableiseachone.Multipledefinitions,each
subtlydifferentfromalltheothers,conveymultipleshadesofmeaning.Theyexpandtheusesoftheword;languageisenriched,thoughtiswidened,andinterpretationsincreaseordilatetofillthepotentialitiesofassociation.Theveryimpossibilityofabsolutenessinthedefinitionofcertainnounsaddstothelevelsofconnotationtheymayreach.Theinnerlifeofawriteroftensaysmorethanmostreaderscanknow;themindofareadercandiscovertruthsthatgobeyondtheintentorperhapseventhecomprehensionofthewriter.Andallofitfindsexpressionbecauseawordcanmeanmanythings.
24.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“shades”(line2)mostnearlymeansAremindersBnuances
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
CobscuritiesDcoveringsEdegrees
25.Thepassagesuggeststhatawriter’suseofnounsthathavemultipledefinitionscanhavewhichofthefollowingeffectsontherelationshipbetweenwriterandreader?
AItcanencouragethereadertoconsiderhowthewriter’slifemighthaveinfluencedthework.BItcancausethereadertobecomefrustratedwiththewriter’sfailuretodistinguishbetweensubtleshadesofmeaning.
CItcanallowthereadertodiscerninaworkcertainmeaningsthatthewriterdidnotforesee.
DItallowsthewritertoprovidethereaderwithcluesbeyondtheworditselfinordertoavoidambiguity.
EItallowsthewritertopresentunfamiliarideastothereadermoreefficiently.
Thisistheendofsection329
“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Section4
Foreachofquestions9to14,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Untilrecently,manyanthropologistsassumedthattheenvironmentofwhatisnowthe
southwesternUnitedStatesshapedthesocialhistoryandcultureoftheregion’sindigenouspeoples.Buildingonthisassumption,archaeologistsassertedthatadverseenvironmentalconditionsanddroughtswereresponsibleforthedisappearancesandmigrationsofsouthwesternpopulationsfrommanysitestheyonceinhabited.
However,suchdeterministicargumentsfailtoacknowledgethatlocalenvironmentalvariabilityintheSouthwestmakesgeneralizingaboutthatenvironmentdifficult.ToexaminetherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalvariationandsocioculturalchangeintheWesternPuebloregionofcentralArizona,whichindigenoustribeshaveoccupiedcontinuouslyforatleast800years,aresearchteamrecentlyreconstructedtheclimatic,vegetational,anderosionalcyclesofpastcenturies.Theresearchersfounditimpossibletoprovideasingle,generallyapplicablecharacterizationofenvironmentalconditionsfortheregion.Rather,theyfoundthatlocalareasexperienceddifferentpatternsofrainfall,wind,anderosion,andthatsuchconditionshadprevailedintheSouthwestforthelast1,400years.Rainfall,forexample,variedwithinandbetweenlocalvalleysystems,sothatevenadjacentagriculturalfieldscanproducesignificantlydifferentyields.
Theresearcherscharacterizedepisodesofvariationinsouthwesternenvironmentsbyfrequency:low-frequencyenvironmentalprocessesoccurincycleslongerthanonehumangeneration,whichgenerallyisconsideredtolastabout25years,andhigh-frequencyprocesseshaveshortercycles.Theresearcherspointedoutthatlow-frequencyprocesses,suchasfluctuationsinstreamflowandgroundwaterlevels,wouldnotusuallybeapparenttohumanpopulations.Incontrast,high-frequencyfluctuationssuchasseasonaltemperaturevariationsareobservableandsomewhatpredictable,sothatgroupscouldhaveadaptedtheirbehaviorsaccordingly.WhentheresearcherscomparedsequencesofsocioculturalchangeintheWesternPuebloregionwithepisodesoflow-andhigh-frequencyenvironmentalvariation,however,theyfoundnosimplecorrelationbetweenenvironmentalprocessandsocioculturalchangeorpersistence.
AlthoughearlyPueblopeoplesdidprotectthemselvesagainstenvironmentalriskanduncertainty,theyrespondedvariouslyondifferentoccasionstosimilarpatternsofhigh-frequencyclimaticandenvironmentalchange.Theresearchersidentifiedsevenmajoradaptiveresponses,includingincreasedmobility,relocationofpermanentsettlements,changesinsubsistencefoods,andrelianceontradewithothergroups.Thesefindingssuggestthatgroups’adaptivechoicesdependedonculturalandsocialaswellasenvironmentalfactorsandwereflexiblestrategiesratherthanuncomplicatedreactionstoenvironmentalchange.Environmentalconditionsmattered,buttheywererarely,ifever,sufficienttoaccountforsocioculturalpersistenceandchange.Groupsizeandcomposition,culture,contactwithothergroups,andindividualchoicesandactionswere—barringcatastrophessuchasfloodsorearthquakes—moresignificantforapopulation’ssurvivalthanwereclimateandenvironment.
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