的个案。这种策略就是很多参考书都提到的平衡观点，是最常见的一种策略。优点在于层
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次比较简单明了，缺点则是不容易写出特色。
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31 \ results of that research are controversial.\ 22
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I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is gen erally money well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this br oad assertion to embrace research whose results are \
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oring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below.
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作者的立论思路是顺应原命题的结构形成的。首先肯定命题前半部分所提出的大前提，然 后对后半部分的特殊情况提出质疑。考生在构思的时候也应该注意观察原命题的结构，从 中获得启发，提出有说服力的观点。
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8 It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold inf
0 @# ?% U+ D8 zormation from the public. 37
( ` P9 L2 o* d3 c0 `I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, f or political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view would reveal a naiveté about the inherent nature of public politics, and abou t the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders n
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ecessary in order to further the public's ultimate interests. Nevertheless, we
! Y/ c\must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to with-hold information,
otherwise, we risk sanctioning demagoguery and undermining the philosophical underpinnings of any democratic society.
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- ]* N5 ?3 m& 在肯定命题的基础上，作者提出需要警惕的极端情况。一方面承认公共政治对适当隐瞒的
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需求，另一方面又指出过度隐瞒可能对民主基石的威胁。这种对平衡与妥协的把握，恰好 反映了GRE作文所要求的思想深度。
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策略二：分拆命题
将一个命题分拆为几个分命题，然后逐个否定或肯定。分拆的过程往往需要相当的经验和 分析能力。一旦分拆成功，一个论证框架就浮现了。
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\
j' E1 c2 E4 Y: u/ athey need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation 's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.\
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The speaker's claim is actually threefold: (1) ensuring the survival of large cities and, in turn, that of cultural traditions, is a proper function of gove rnment; (2) government support is needed for our large dries and cultural trad itions to survive and thrive; and (3) cultural traditions are preserved and ge nerated primarily in our large cities. I strongly disagree with all three clai ms.
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这是作者一个颇具创新的开头方式，即对原命题进行分拆，并以序号列点的形式陈述。这 样做不仅能完成考试所要求的对问题复杂性的探索，而且能自然的搭建论证的框架。我们
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可以想象，这篇范文的中间三段将分别批驳分拆后的三个分命题。当然，要做好分拆命题 的工作需要相当的功底和经验；由于这种分析方法十分有特色，因此很值得读者尝试。
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\
. @6 p8 {) q7 Ytools of human minds.\
This statement actually consists of a series of three related claims: (1) mach ines are tools of human minds; (2) human minds will always be superior to mach
, F\?; `3 R+ I8 Y `ines; and (3) it is because machines are human tools that human minds will always be superior to machines. While I concede the fn:st claim, whether I agree
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with the other two claims depends partly on how one defines \partly on how willing one is to humble oneself to the unknown future scenario s.
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这段开头的方式也是分拆命题，不同的是，作者并没有全部否定分命题，而是区别对待。 但通过分拆主题而呈现的框架也很明显。另外，作者还用到另一个重要的策略“语理分析
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”，我们再后面会提及。
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策略三 具体情况具体分析
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指出命题在某些方面和个案上是成立的，而在另一些情况则不成立。这种策略的应用相当
: a. ^9 E6 T\广泛，有助于我们将一个抽象的问题具体化，并建构一个清晰的论证框架。
\ Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.\
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In today's world is practicality our idol---one which all powers and talents m ust serve. While this claim has considerable merit with respect to most areas
5 r& ~5 Z! o, F6 T' vof human endeavor--including education, art, and politics--I take exception with the claim when it comes to the direction of scientific research today.
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作者指出命题在教育、艺术和政治等领域有一定道理，而在科研方面却不成立。这样在某
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些具体方面命题成立，另一些具体方面命题不成立的处理手法，在北美范文中十分常见。
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这样写可以体现出作者对命题的较深入的思考和对问题复杂性的认识，同时又能够构建一 个清晰的框架，读者应该重点模仿学习。
\
! s; F`\sonal economic success requires conformity.\
Personal economic success might be due either to one's investment strategy or to one's work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enou
, f# N3 E' a- x% ~* z\gh risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformist s. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succee d in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, confo rmists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced
6 i& m3 t\in systems and regulations.
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作者通过分析影响个人经济成功的因素来将问题分为两部分进行分别讨论。
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策略四 探索其他可能性
\ps of people have a diminished sense of who they are. \
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The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or
- {% ]& m8 x% g7 Fgroup of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose
9 N& _: n' W) U3 f5 \\! Yof ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern t
9 R3 @ F/ r. J8 p9 i$ Uimes. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.
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原命题指出“仪式和典礼帮助定义文化。”对于这个命题，作者并不否定，但却从两方面
5 { h2 I& j% V4 A n! V1 L, S，通过探索其他可能性，来提出新的观点。首先是仪式和典礼的目的除了定义文化，还有
; A/ F* U1 Y0 v没有其他；其次是除了仪式和典礼，还有没有其他机制能帮助定义文化。这两个问题的提 出就大大开拓了我们的思路，为写出一篇内容丰富的文章奠定基础。
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\he ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.\
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The speaker asserts that a culture perpetuates the ideas it favors while discr
- ~' r3 c! m# g) g5 Y* nediting those it fears primarily through formal education. I agree that grade- school, and even high-school education involves cultural indoctrination. Other wise, I think the speaker misunderstands the role of higher education, and ove
5 w\B% Lrlooks other means by which a culture achieves these ends.