炼油厂生产废水处理工艺设计
摘要
本文主要介绍炼油厂生产处理的背景、目的意义、工艺流程的比较和选择、各构筑物的原理和功能特点以及各部分构筑物的设计计算，通过对组合工艺各级处理方法运行及处理效果的比较选出了一套工艺流程，最终达到提高炼油厂生产废水处理效率和减小环境二次污染风险的目的，使处理后的水达到国家《综合废水排放标准》一级标准，并可以作为重要的回用水资源，缓解水资源紧缺的状况。本设计中的这套工艺是在参考“老三套”工艺的基础上加以修改的，它具有适应性强、操作简单、运行费用低、投资省、效率高、占地小；设计合理，电耗省；机电仪实现了一体控制、操作方便、维护简单的特点。根据处理量对单体设备的尺寸进行了设计，根据计算结果和各个设备的特点进行了选型，选用的涡凹气浮机，浅层气浮机和曝气生物滤池能够达到处理要求，设计出的工艺流程可以达到设计要求，实现回用。
关键词：炼油厂生产废水；涡凹气浮机；浅层气浮机；曝气生物滤池
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西南石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）
Abstract
This paper mainly introduces the background, the production processing refinery purpose, process flow comparison and selection, principles and functions of the various structures characteristic and each part design calculation, through structures at various levels of combination technology processing methods of operation and treatment effect comparative selected a set of processes, achieve finally improve refinery wastewater treatment efficiency and reduce production environment secondary pollution risk with purpose, make water reach national emission standard of the integrated wastewater, and can be used as a primary standards of recycle water, alleviate an important water resource scarcity situation. The design of this process is in reference to \technology based on the modified, it has strong adaptability, simple operation, low operating cost and low investment, high efficiency, covers an area of small; Reasonable design, energy saving; Mechanical and electrical apparatus realized integrated control, convenient operation, simple maintenance characteristics. According to the size of monomer equipment per the design, according to the calculation result and the characters of each equipment type selection, choose the vortex concave floating machine, shallow gas float machine and biological aerated filters can reach processing requirements, design the process can meet the design requirements, achieving reuse.
Keywords: refinery manufacturing wastewater; Vortex concave floating machine; Shallow gas float machine; Biological aerated filters
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炼油厂生产废水处理工艺设计
目录
1 绪论 ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 课题的目的和意义 .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 炼油厂生产废水处理国内外现状 ............................................................................................. 5
1.2．1 国外现状 ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 国内现状 ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 设计内容 .................................................................................................................................... 8 2 主要设备功能与特点 ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 调节池 ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 隔油池 ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 涡凹气浮池 .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.3．1 结构 ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.2 CAF涡凹气浮设备的工作原理 ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 涡凹气浮机的特点........................................................................................................ 11 2.4 浅层气浮池 .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.1 原理 ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 浅层气浮机的特点........................................................................................................ 13 2.4.3 浅层气浮机主要结构.................................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 应用范围 ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 沉淀池 ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.1 竖流沉淀池原理 ........................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2 竖流沉淀池的构造........................................................................................................ 14 2.5.2 竖流沉淀池的特点........................................................................................................ 15 2.6 曝气生物滤池 .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.1 曝气生物滤池结构形式................................................................................................ 15 2.6.2 曝气生物滤池中滤膜的净化原理 ................................................................................ 15 2.6.3 曝气生物滤池与其他处理工艺的比较 ........................................................................ 15 2.7 汽提塔 ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2.8 活性炭吸附池 .......................................................................................................................... 17 3 工艺流程各部分构筑物设计计算 ...................................................................................................... 17
3.1 设计任务 .................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 调节池设计计算 ...................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1调节池有效容积 ............................................................................................................ 18 3.2.2 调节池水头损失 ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 隔油池设计计算 ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 隔油池的表面积计算.................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2 隔油池的过水断面面积计算 ........................................................................................ 20 3.3.3 隔油池的总容积 ........................................................................................................... 20 3.3.4 隔油池格间数 ............................................................................................................... 20 3.3.5 隔油池的有效长度........................................................................................................ 21 3.3.6 隔油池建筑高度H为 ................................................................................................... 21 3.4 涡凹气浮机 .............................................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1 CAF涡凹气浮设备的规格型号 ..................................................................................... 21
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西南石油大学本科毕业设计（论文）
3.4.2 涡凹气浮机水头损失.................................................................................................... 22 3.5 浅层气浮机 .............................................................................................................................. 23
3.5.1 浅层气浮机规格及主要技术参数 ................................................................................ 23 3.5.2 浅层气浮机的水头损失................................................................................................ 24 3.6 沉淀池 ...................................................................................................................................... 25
3.6.1中心管面积与直径 ....................................................................................................... 25 3.6.2 沉淀池的有效水深........................................................................................................ 25 3.6.3 中心管喇叭口至反射板之间的间隙高度 .................................................................... 25 3.6.4 沉淀池有效断面面积.................................................................................................... 26 3.6.5 沉淀池直径 ................................................................................................................... 26 3.6.6 污泥斗高度和污泥斗容积 ............................................................................................ 26 3.6.7 沉淀池的总高度 ........................................................................................................... 27 3.6.8 竖流沉淀池的水头损失................................................................................................ 27 3.7 曝气生物滤池 .......................................................................................................................... 27
3.7.1 滤料体积 ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.7.2 滤池总截面 ................................................................................................................... 28 3.7.3 设备总高度 ................................................................................................................... 28 3.7.4 空塔水力负荷 ............................................................................................................... 29 3.7.5 需氧量计算 ................................................................................................................... 29 3.7.6 风机的选型 ................................................................................................................... 29 3.7.7 反冲洗泵和中间水池.................................................................................................... 30 3.7.8 曝气生物滤池的水头损失 ............................................................................................ 30 3.8 汽提塔 ...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.8.1 塔径： ........................................................................................................................... 31 3.8.2 填料塔的高度 ............................................................................................................... 31 3.8.3 汽提塔的水头损失........................................................................................................ 31 3.9 活性炭吸附塔 .......................................................................................................................... 32 4 结论 ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 谢辞 ......................................................................................................................................................... 34 参考文献 ................................................................................................................................................. 36
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炼油厂生产废水处理工艺设计
1 绪论
1.1 课题的目的和意义
水是自然界中宝贵的资源，是人类赖以生存的必要条件。然而在人类的生活和生产活动中，从自然界取用的水受到污染，改变了原来的性质，甚至丧失了使用价值，于是将其废弃排外。导致取用水丧失使用价值的基本原因是水中混进了各种污染物。随着经济的发展，工业废水的产生越来越多，所以工业废水是污染水资源的主要来源。炼油厂生产废水在其中扮演着重要角色。炼油厂生产废水对环境造成很大的危害。现在环境问题日益严重，工业废水的排放标准了日趋严格，使得国内外都在探索和研究处理工业废水，降低其对环境的污染，减少对人类的危害。炼油厂生产废水处理技术已经成熟，但还需改进。
随着陆地和海洋石油勘探开发生产，含油污水量也在逐年增加。炼油厂生产废水对环境也造成很大的危害。
炼油厂催化裂化冷凝水，常受到油，氨，硫化物，酚及其他多种无机与有机化合物严重污染，毒性较大。炼油厂炼化和加氢装置生产过程排出的含硫废水；裂化装置的分馏塔顶，富气洗涤及重整加氢装置的含H2S ,NH3废水，都是炼油厂的重污染废水。
炼油废水具有污染物浓度高、可生化性差、成分复杂且其所含有毒有害物质对生态系统、植物、土壤和水体有严重影响等特点，利用物理的、物理化学的及化学处理均有一定的处理效果，但都不够理想；最为有效的处理方法是结合物理的、物理化学的及生物的综合处理法，不仅处理效率高，环境二次污染风险小，更主要的是其处理出水可成为重要的回用水资源，这对缓解水资源紧缺状况有很重要的现实意义。
炼油厂废水所造成的环境污染问题日益严重，生产废水的排放造成生态平衡破坏，威胁人类健康，并给工业生产带来巨大的经济损失。
因此，需要对炼油厂生产废水进行必要的处理，然后经过深度处理回用到系统中，达到节约水资源的目的。
1.2 炼油厂生产废水处理国内外现状
1.2．1 国外现状
国外炼油污水的处理和回用研究始于20世纪40年代，由于国外的石化企业很注
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