虚拟语气 讲义

2019-06-17 13:07

多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的,但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结构。假设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。

英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:

而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位,又一次证明要学好英语语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。

学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。

1、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表: 条件状语从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式 If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等I (we)should+动词原形 非正式场合中,I,he,she,it等后面也可用was.主语+would (might,could)十动但在If I were you中,一定要用were,不能用was. 词原形

2、对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+过去分词。见下表: 条件状语从司的动词形式 主句的动词形式 i(we)should+have+过去分词 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语+could (might,could)+have + 过去分词 3、表示与将来事实相反的假设,对将来表示怀疑,或将来的动作不太可能实现时,条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式:(见表) 条件状语从句的动词形式(三种) 主句的动词形式 (1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与I(we)should+动词原形 一个表示将来的时间状语连用. 主语+would (might, (2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形 could)+动词原形 (3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形 4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。

5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式: 1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首,谓语主语之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从

句相同。当然,如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if. 2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如: Without air, there would be no living things. But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.

3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如:

It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.

6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句

表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。

(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法

1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如: I wish it were Spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。

3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该…”。For example: It is time we left/should leave.

It is high time that you got married.

4、在 I would rather (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”,表示说话人的意愿。 For example:

I’d rather I were in the rain now. I’d rather you did not tell him.

5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如:

Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?

Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?

Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do?

6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。如:

She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold.

The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged. Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.

7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略,而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如:

We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that we (should) start right away.

The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed. The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down. Now let’s do some translation:

总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。

The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as planned. 省长请求再给他一次机会。

The governor requested that he be given another chance. 美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。

The United States demanded that Iran should unconditionally give up its nuclear weapon program (program to develop nuclear weapons) 最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。

The Supreme Court ruled that this case be retried. 医生建议,即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。

8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这些动词用作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。从句的引导词that 不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如: He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.

Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.

The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time. =The president decided that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time.

9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that 之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should 可以省略,但引导词that 不能省略。如: It was suggested that he attend the conference. It was requested that the trial be openly reported.

10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。 For example:

It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.

It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.

It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting.

另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如: May you be happy! May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China! Everybody leave the room! You had better not resign. I would rather not tell you.

总之,虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时,也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种:

一种是动词用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情况;

一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略),这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及It is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句;

一种是动词用过去式,如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律,如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。 Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned about subjunctive mood:

一. 语气(mood)是表示说话人对谓语动词行为的态度的动词形式。英语的语气分为三种: 1、陈述语气--陈述事实,用于陈述句、疑问句。如: Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。

2、祈使语气--表示命令、请求等,用于祈使句。如: Be careful , everyone !

3、虚拟语气--表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。如: She demanded that everyone be careful. 她要求人人要小心。

She wishes that everyone were careful. 她真希望人人都能小心。

二.虚拟语气分为两种:be型和were型。 知识要点 be型虚拟语气

这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别,一律用动词原形;多见于美国英语,英国英语中则主要用于正式文体(非正式文体中常用should+动词原形代替)。主要用于下列情况: 1、宾语从句中:当主句谓语动词为command,suggest,demand,insist,order,require等表示要求、建议等时(可用should+动词原形代替;参见第十八章第四节“宾语从句”)。如: He ordered that they (should) stay where they were. 他命令他们呆在原地。

2表语从句中:当主句主语为command , suggestion , demand ,order 等(与1中动词同词根)

以及idea , plan 等时(可用should + 动词原形代替;参见第十八章第二节“表语从句”)。如: His order was that they (should ) stay where they were . 他的命令是他们呆在原地。

3.同位语从句中:当其前为command , suggestion , demand , order 等(与1中动词同词根)以及idea 等时(可用should + 动词原形代替;参见第十八章第五节“同位语从句”)。如: They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were. 他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。

4.主语从句中:主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等动词的过去分词或better , necessary , important 等形容词时(参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”) 如:

It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were . 命令他们呆在原地。

It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were . 他们有必要呆在原地。

主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容词和 pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义时,其后的主语从句 中用should + 动词原形(参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”),不可用be型虚拟语气。 如:

It is strange that they shoulfd stay where they were. 很奇怪,他们竟然呆在原地。

此时,若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实,主语从句中也可用陈述语气。如: It is strange that they stay where they are. 很奇怪,他们呆在原地。 二.were型虚拟语气

这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望,多用于正式文件。动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代,仅If I were you 中必须were),其他动词用其各种过去时形式(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时--参见相关章节)。主要用于下列情况: 1、在虚拟条件句中:

1)表示与现在事实相反的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时:主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如: If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with him. 你如果了解全部情况,就不会这么生他的气了。 If he were still staying here , he might see all this. 他如果现在还呆在这里,也许就会看见这一切。

2)表示与过去事实相反的假设——从句中用过去现在时:主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+have+动词的过去分词。如:

If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday. 我要是知道他的号码,昨天也许就给他打电话了。

3)表示将来不大可能实现的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/ was/ to+动词原形;主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如: If he had enough money next year, he might go abroad soon. 他明年要是有足够的钱,也许马上就出国。

If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldn’t live. 如果太阳有朝一日不再照耀,生物就无法生存了。


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