q)adj短语做后置定语结构:(讲义 38 39) *==等价于定从的省略 a door (close to the window) 省略which be a distance (equal to twice) n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语 foods (high in fat) √ leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be(比较级+than+n2) 相当于从句的省略 a temperature (highter than 50C)
r)adj最高级的省略结构: (讲义 40 41) the most improtant of all books the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错 *单数n.必须省略,则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.) n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X
a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X the poor of √
s)不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构:(讲义 42 43) She set set-set-set It cost cost-cost-cost
It spread spread-spread-spread
t)规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 (讲义 44-46) 46条:Automatons programmed… 非谓语,整个句子少谓语 lack a. be lack of vi. be lack in vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语? eg:n+called call-called-called
We called him Bush. 主动,过去式,谓语 He was called Bush. 被动,过去分词,谓语 …a boy called Bush? 被动,过去分词,后置定语
根据主/被动确定,主动语态为过去式,被动语态为过去分词,被动式中有be即 是非谓语。
*n+v-ed,先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系,主动为过去式,是谓语, 考试时留下,被动是过去分词,没有be,则是后置定语,考试时划掉不看。
u)逻辑主语结构: (讲义 47-50) 1) Doing…,svo. Done…,svo.
动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语,*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,也就是句子的主语。(47) 2) n1+doing…,n2vo. n1+doing…,n2vo.
分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,即为独立主格结构,在n1前可加with / without
3)(n2)prep+n1,svo. (讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10)
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前后主谓要一致
4)Alough +doing…,svo. If+done…,svo.
位于句首,做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough though even though if as when while
eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people.. 5)To do…,svo. Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致: eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some performances.
6)Alough to do…,svo. X If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。 *when to do,句子。X 句子,when to do. X
在TOEFL中,when to do一般不选。
v)宾补法则:(讲义 51-54)
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:宾补) 主 谓 宾 宾补 (主动) He was appointed +CES.
主 谓 主补 (被动) 主动为宾补,被动为主补。 补语:使句子完整。
宾补:某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必须加一个n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,即为宾补,分词也可以。这些vt为:appoint, elect, consider, name, call, make.
1) elect:主动:sb/sth elect sb sth. 被动:sb be elect a)+职位 b)+to+机构
c)+to+the office of+职务
2) consider:在TOEFL中,从不说consider as 主动:sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补 被动:n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补 *consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。 3)name 主动:sb/sth name sb sth 被动:sb be named sth 4)宾语后置:(宾语太长)
make sth possible = make possible sth bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…,发现… = bring to light sth
w)it结构 (讲义55-57) *___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57)
答案一般选sub+谓语,优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they’re,it is不 位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考: 1) 强调句型
It’s / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分
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被强调部分+其余部分=句子。
a) 可强调主语、宾语、状语,但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。 b) 强调人时,that / who均可,其余均用that c) 后面句子为过去时态,用was,其余用is *___ who…,___that… (讲义 55) 优先选择it is / was +ڤ 2) 形式主/宾语
it+be+adj/分词+ to do it:形式主语 that clause
eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL. It was once believed that+句子
形式宾语:s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause. It:形式主语 sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
x)which引导定从的三种形式:
1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58) 2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59) *prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √ 3)SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO 主语 谓语
对部分进行解释 * all both
SVO, each _____ VO. either five
five persent
three quater 这类题一定选of which.
y)倒装结构:一般考1~2条,在第13~15之间 (讲义 62-67) 原则:只有主句才可以倒装,答案的首字母一定为系动词。
1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒装:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装 2) only+状语位于句首 only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短语 eg: in recently years 从句 eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装
3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装 adj+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主
*typical of characteristic of 分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主
*coinciding with + n
4) so位于句首 (so…that…) sub+be+so+a.+that clause
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so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装 In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。 (新题 P144 14) *在倒装句型答案中不能出现there
*常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath 常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest
6) 在比较级结构中,than后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装。 7) as位于句中:
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中 Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
z)双谓语结构: (讲义 72-76) ___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓)
结构特征:两个谓语直接在一起,第一反应应为主语从句。 即:主从引导词+sv1o+v2o
1. 主语从句引导词+主语从句 V1+…+V2 (90%) 2. Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2 3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
二十七、双宾语结构: (讲义 77 新题 P196 13) 1. gain win earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth 2. tell persudade sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3.give grant (新题 P130 12) sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4.Appoint hame call elect consider make *v2+n1+n2 优先选择
二十八、讲义 68-71
1. Like / unlike + n , svo. 2. Pioneer in 只考被动
3. What to do what不要obj How +句子 how要有obj What one says. How one says it.
What to do. (what is pron) How to do it (how is ad)
注:在讲义上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
*在空格前为完整句,空格后为名词,95%以上的空格是定语从句 S+Vt+n.+定语从句(95%)
改错部分:
a.改错题做题要点:
1. 语法与句意并重,一定要通读全句
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2. 一边读句意,一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确
b.改错题出题方向: 一、名词:
A、名词做定语的单复数问题:
1. 名词做定语,即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。(讲义 P1 10) a twenty-four hour period √ 例外:a greetings card √ a savings bank √
a communucations satellite √ a sports car √ a sales girl √
a systems engineering √
2. many woman修饰名词,单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致,比如:women boxers (讲义P1 11)
3. the highset scientific lab X a chemical lab X a mathmatics(n.)
professor √ a biological textbook X 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科 书、实验室、系等教学要素,应该用名词修饰,而不是用形容词。eg: a physics student
the scientific and technical field (用形容词因为field不是教学要素) B、限定词与名词单复数:(讲义P1 4)
1. some / any / all 单复数均可,可数不可数均可 如:some kind 某一种 some kinds 某些种 some time some money
any of the books / some of the books →any / some作代词 Would you like some coffee?(想要得到肯定的回答) 2. Many + pl
Much +/Λ / (见讲义P1 3) As much as 2,000 kms. √ 永远作单数
As many as 50 precent of the income. X precent /Λ / As much as 50 precent of the income. √ 2000 kms is a long distance. √ many are…
by many… many也可以作prep (讲义P1 13) 3.few / a few 可数,肯定 (讲义P1 2) little / a little 不可数,否定 (a)few +n.s
4.each / every 单数,可数 eg each ten boys √ each major styles X each major style √ 5.数词 / several + pl.
five aircraft √ several settings √ several + n.s
6.one of+pl (讲义P1 7) among+pl (讲义P1 11)
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