阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
Passage 1 （选自大纲样题）
Tap Dancing（踢踏舞）
① Most of the arts in America are a combination of ideas and influences from many sources. Tap dancing certainly fits in this category. It is truly an American art, but it has been influenced by English and Irish dance steps as well as steps from Africa.
② Some historians argue that tap dancing was first done by slaves on Southern plantations in North America, and that originally steps were done wearing soft-soled shoes. Irish step dancing, which also involves intricate（复杂的）foot patterns, contributed the movement of the free leg to one side and the swing of the elbows outward. Wooden clog shoes were worn as tap dancing evolved, but for a long time the steps were done flat-footed.
③ Tap dancing developed into the form we recognize today in the early 20th century. Metal taps were added to dance shoes, and a number of new techniques were perfected. One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancing on the balls of the feet. This is commonly attributed to dancer Bill Robinson. Another was the ―cramp roll,‖ in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ball of the right foot to the ball of the left, and then to the heel of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improvise even more new patterns. Slides across the floor and movements up and down stairs further enlivened tap. So did relaxed arm and shoulder movements. Challenges became a common part of dance routines, with dancers competing very hard to outperform（胜过）each other with new and difficult steps.
④ Many dancers excelled at tap and contributed to its development. Besides Bill Robinson and John Bubbles, well-known tappers have included Sammy Davis, Jr., Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Gregory Hines, and Savion Glover.
11. This text is mainly about _______.
A. famous tap dancers B. tap dancing on Southern plantations C. tap shoes D. the development of tap dancing 【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要讲了踢踏舞的发展过程。 12. The phrase ―attributed to‖ (Line 4, Para. 3) means _______. A. credited to B. described
C. turned to D. stated as a question 【答案】A
【解析】词义理解题。可以用代入法。credit… to…=attribute… to…=owe…to… 13. The ―cramp roll‖ (Line 4, Para. 3) was invented by _______. A. Fred Astaire B. Bill Robinson C. Savion Glover D. John Bubbles 【答案】D
【解析】事实细节题。根据第三段的中间部分Another was the ―cramp roll,‖ in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ball of the right foot（右脚的大脚趾球）to the ball of the left, and then to the heel of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improvise even more new patterns.
14. One of the most important elements of tap dancing is _______. A. intricate footwork
B. smooth, flowing motions
C. dancing in rhythm with a partner D. wearing wooden shoes 【答案】A
【解析】事实细节题。根据one of the most important…定位在第三段第三句：One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancing on the balls of the feet.
15. Names are mentioned in this text in order to _______. A. tell about the lives of famous tap dancers B. connect tap with jazz music
C. show the influence of women on tap dance D. give credit to famous tap dancers 【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。该题要求考生根据最后一段，推测作者的写作意图。最后一段Many dancers excelled at tap and contributed to its development. Besides Bill Robinson and John Bubbles, well-known tappers have included
Sammy Davis Jr., Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Gregory Hines, and Savion Glover.。
11. This text is mainly about _______.
A. famous tap dancers B. tap dancing on Southern plantations C. tap shoes D. the development of tap dancing 【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要讲了踢踏舞的发展过程。（参考第二三段的黑体词） 小贴士：和以前的阅读理解基本相同。 Passage 2 （选自Self-Assessment 2）
Student Loans
① Federal Student Aid is an office of the US Department of Education that provides student loans for education beyond high school. The US government clearly understands the importance of post-secondary education in positively impacting the nation. It therefore ensures that each eligible student in the United States is able to receive financial assistance for higher education.
② Although parents can opt for private funding through sources like banks and other finance institutions, the rates of interest can be prohibitively high in most cases. On the other hand, the interest rates of federally funded student loans are much less in comparison. It is therefore imperative that parents take all steps necessary to apply for student loans available through the federal government.
③ Federal Student Aid is actively involved in educating students and their families on the exact procedure to obtain student loans. Once the applications are received, it processes them by the millions before the start of each academic year. It also pays out billions of dollars through schools to fund the education of students who have applied for financial aid.
④ The first step in applying for financial aid is to fill and submit the FAFSA or Free Application for Federal Student Aid. The name of the student should be entered exactly the way it is written on the student‘s social security card. The format used is ―first name‖, ―middle initial‖, and ―last name‖. Since the analysis bureau will be linking up the FAFSA with the social security number, the names should match precisely for the application to be approved. A mismatch in the names could result in the application being sent back for correction. This would cause a delay and end up pushing the applicant to the back of the line. Since most financial aid is provided on a first-come-first-served basis, it is important to be at the head of the line. Even a minor error on the FAFSA can result in a loss of thousands of dollars in financial aid.
⑤ Therefore, it is important that families have all the proper income and tax records ready before applying for financial aid. This will help avoid submitting inconsistent, incomplete or mistaken information while filling out the FAFSA forms.
⑥ The CSS PROFILE is the FAFSA equivalent that is most often required for aid through private universities. It could be a little more complicated than filling out the FAFSA form. Going through the entire process with the help of a certified college planner would be a good idea.
⑦ No matter what their credit rating, parents should still submit their applications for financial aid. Learning about the different options available to them is the first step in the process. Doing it right will enhance their chances of getting student loans for their children‘s higher education.
11. Federal Student Aid provides student loans for _______. A. high school education B. secondary education C. higher education
D. pre-secondary education 【答案】 C
【解析】事实细节题。根据Federal Student Aid provides student loans 定位在第一段第一句Federal Student Aid is an office of the US Department of Education that provides student loans for education beyond high school.
12. Federally funded loans are preferred to private funding for_______. A. their easy accessibility B. their high reliability C. their lower interest rates D. their wide availability 【答案】C
【解析】事实细节题。根据federally funded loans和private funding定位在第二段。根据前两句Although parents can opt for private funding through sources like banks and other finance institutions, the rates of interest can be prohibitively high in most cases. On the other hand, the interest rates of federally funded student loans are much less in comparison.。
13. Federal Student Aid educates students on _______. A. how to apply to ideal universities B. how to obtain student loans C. how to process the applications D. how to meet their financial needs 【答案】B
【解析】事实细节题。根据federal Student Aid定位在第二段。由第一句话Federal Student Aid is actively involved in educating students and their families on the exact procedure to obtain student loans.可知答案为B。
14. The first step in applying for financial aid is to _______. A. fill out and submit application forms B. apply for a social security number
C. enter the applicant name in the right format D. submit all the proper income and tax records 【答案】A
【解析】事实细节题。根据first step定位在第四段第一句：The first step in applying for financial aid is to fill and submit the FAFSA or Free Application for Federal Student Aid.，由此可知答案为A。
15. To succeed in applying for student loans, you are advised to _______. A. enhance academic performance B. resort to a certified college planner
C. avoid submitting a CSS PROFILE资料 D. turn in income and tax records afterwards 【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。根据同一顺序的原则定位在第五段及之后的内容，具体参考第六段最后一句：Going through the entire process with the help of a certified college planner would be a good idea。由此可以看出，有资格证书的学院规划师可以提供全程帮助，故选B。另外根据第五段第一句Therefore, it is important that families have all the proper income and tax records ready before applying for financial aid. 可知D选项的错误在于afterwards一词，应改成in advance。
Passage 3 （选自Self-Assessment 3）
Why Lack of Sleep Could Be Making You Fatter
① Sleepless nights don‘t just ruin your mood the next day – they could also damage your waistline胸围. According to new research in the August issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition临床营养, sleep deprivation can cause people to pack on extra pounds.
② Researchers at the New York Obesity Nutrition Research Centre at St. Luke‘s-Roosevelt Hospital found that sleep-deprived people seem to burn the same number of calories as the well-rested, but they consume about 300 more calories a day. Given that it takes just 3,500 calories to add a pound to your body, those calories can quickly turn into extra weight.
③ But there are several other reasons that sleep loss could lead to weight gain, says sleep disorder specialist Michael Breus. When we get too little shut-eye, our metabolism（新陈代谢）slows down to conserve energy. That slowdown triggers the release of the hormone cortisol（荷尔蒙皮质醇）, which increases appetite. Your body thinks it needs more energy, so it asks for more food．
④ In a vicious cycle, sleep loss also causes our bodies to release more ghrelin, another hormone that signals hunger, and less leptin瘦素，瘦蛋白, the hormone that tells your stomach that it‘s full. With your hormones no longer working in the normal way, your body wants more food and lacks the sensitivity to know when to stop eating. Not to mention that being awake more hours gives you more time to snack.
⑤ ―The later you‘re up at night, the greater the likelihood that you‘re going to eat,‖ Breus says, and ―you‘re more likely to eat high-fat, high-carb碳水化合物 foods.‖
⑥ One other contributing factor to such weight gain is that the body burns the most calories during REM sleep, a deeply restful phase. Less sleep means less time in REM.
⑦ For optimal health, experts say you should try to get 7.5 hours of sleep a night. If you have trouble sleeping, stick to a nightly routine, exercise during the day, banish worries to a journal, and keep pre-bedtime activities relaxing.
11. This passage is mainly about _______. A. the influence of sleep loss on weight B. the effect of sleep deprivation on mood C. the release of the hormone cortisol
D. the implications of a new research finding 【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章标题“为何缺少睡眠会使人变胖”就可以看出，sleep和weight是文章的关键词。
12. Sleep-deprived people consume more calories, which will _______. A. make them energetic B. turn into extra pounds C. damage their mood
D. Cause them to feel sleepy 【答案】B
【解析】事实细节题。根据sleep-deprived people定位在第二段：Researchers at the New York Obesity Nutrition Research Centre at St. Luke‘s-Roosevelt Hospital found that sleep-deprived people seem to burn the same number of calories as the well-rested, but they consume about 300 more calories a day. Given that it takes just 3,500 calories to add a pound to your body, those calories can quickly turn into extra weight.，即每天多消耗的300卡的热量会转变为额外的体重，可知答案为B。
13. According to Michael Breus, sleep loss can _______. A. decrease people‘s appetite
B. slow down energy conservation C. trigger the need for more food D. lead to a vicious cycle 【答案】C
【解析】事实细节题。根据Michael Breus定位在第三段：But there are several other reasons that sleep loss could lead to weight gain, says sleep disorder specialist Michael Breus. When we get too little shut-eye, our metabolism（新陈代谢）slows down to conserve energy. That slowdown triggers the release of the hormone cortisol（荷尔蒙皮质醇）, which increases appetite. Your body thinks it needs more energy, so it asks for more food．即当我们的眼睛休息不够的时候，为了保持能量新陈代谢会变慢。这种减速会引发荷尔蒙皮质醇的释放，从而增加食欲，由此可知答案为C。
14. The word ―optimal‖ in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to _______. A. best B. positive C. optional D. appropriate 【答案】A
【解析】词义理解题。根据题干定位在第七段。本段主要讲了人要尽量保持7.5个小时的睡眠时间，并为失眠者提供了一些有助睡眠的方法。四个选项意思分别是最佳的、积极的、选择的、合适的，显然A最恰当。
15. To attack sleep troubles, you can _______. A. exercise regularly at night B. do more pre-bedtime activities C. keep a journal at night
D. follow a set routine every night 【答案】D
【解析】事实细节题。根据sleep troubles定位在文章的最后一句：If you have trouble sleeping, stick to a nightly routine, exercise during the day, banish worries to a journal, and keep pre-bedtime activities relaxing.
11. This passage is mainly about _______. A. the influence of sleep loss on weight B. the effect of sleep deprivation on mood C. the release of the hormone cortisol
D. the implications of a new research finding 【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章标题“为何缺少睡眠会使人变胖”就可以看出，sleep和weight是文章的关键词。
第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第16～25题，每题1分，共1 0分）
阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第16～20题后所给的6个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
Passage 1 （选自大纲样题）
The Weight Experiment
Nicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a ?calorimeter?（热量测量室）is one way to find out． ① The signs above the two rooms read simply ?Chamber One‘ and ?Chamber Two‘. These are the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science. Outside these rooms another sign reads ?Please do not enter—work in progress‘ and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make. Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.
② Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicola does not have a weight problem, but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme. A self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advertisement for volunteers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise, she thought she would help out.
③ The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room. This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calorimeter at 8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.
④ The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. ?The first time, I only took one video and a book, but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,‘ says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn‘t go too fast.
⑤ It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions.
Task l 16. Paragraph ① A. What does the calorimeter look like inside? B. What programme was designed for the experiment? 17. Paragraph ② C. What is a calorimeter? 18. Paragraph ③ D. What kind of foods are to people‘s taste? 19. Paragraph ④ E. How do the volunteers kill the time? 20. Paragraph ⑤ F. Why did Nicola join in the experiments? 16. Paragraph ① 【答案】C
【解析】第一段主要讲了实验所需要的设备和条件，前面的内容主要针对calorimeter做了相关描述。 17. Paragraph ② 【答案】F
【解析】第二段主要介绍了Nicola自愿参加这一实验的意图和目的，虽然没有超重问题，但出于对饮食调节和身材的保持，她选择加入这一项目。
18. Paragraph ③ 【答案】B
【解析】该段的第一句话是主题句The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.即：实验所涉及的内容、具体的要求和环节。
19. Paragraph ④ 【答案】E
【解析】段首句往往是主题句，首句说明科学家帮助志愿者设定一个日程表来打发在密室里的时间。后面介绍了看电视、看录像、看书、骑单车等活动。
20. Paragraph ⑤ 【答案】D
【解析】第五段的首句出现了foods一词，从剩余的两个选项A和D中很明显就能选出D。第五段主要介绍了什么食物适合人的胃口。
小贴士：本部分考查学生的概括能力，读懂首句是关键，因为首句往往是主题句。 Task 2