浮头式换热器毕业设计说明书

摘要

本次设计为浮头式换热器，浮头式换热器主要由管箱、管板、壳体、换热管、折流板、拉杆、定距管、钩圈、浮头盖等组成。浮头换热器的一端管板与壳体固定，另一端为浮动管板。因此其优点为热应力较小，便于检查和清洗，缺点为结构较为复杂。在传热计算工艺中，包括传热量、传热系数的确定和换热器内径及换热管型号的选择，以及传热系数、阻力降等问题。在强度计算中主要讨论的是筒体、管箱、管板厚度计算以及折流板、法兰和接管、支座、分隔板等零部件的设计，还要进行一些强度校核。本设计是按照GB151《管壳式换热器》和GB150《钢制压力容器》设计的。换热器在工、农业的各个领域应用十分广泛，在日常生活中传热设备也随处见，是不可缺少的工艺设备之一。随着研究的深入，工业应用取得了令人瞩目的成果。

关键字：换热器，工艺计算，强度校核

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Abstract

This design is floating head heat exchanger, it is made up of tube box 、tube sheet、shell、heat exchange tube、baffle plate、draw bar、spacer pipe、hook circle、floating head cover and so on. One tube sheet of the exchanger is connected with shell, and the other tube sheet is floating tube sheet. So it’s easy to check and clean. On the other hand the structure of it complex. In the process of heat transfer calculation, include area computation 、capacity of heat transmission 、the determine of heat transfer coefficient and the choice of the heat exchange tube. About strength calculation, it involve the calculating of shell、tube box、sealing head and so on. This design is according to GB151 << shell-and-tube heat exchanger >> and GB150 << Steel pressure vessel >> to design. Heat exchanger is one of the indispensable process equipment. With the deepening of the research, industrial application made remarkable achievements.

Keywords: heat exchanger; Process calculation ；strength check

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目录

摘要.................................................................................................................................................................. I Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... II 前言................................................................................................................................................................. 1 第一章 概述 ................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 何为换热器 .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 换热器的应用 ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 换热器分类 .................................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 按传热原理分类 ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.2 按结构分类 ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.3 按传热种类分类 ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.4 按强化传热元件分类 ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3.5 按材料分类 ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 换热器的结构和使用特点 ............................................................................................................ 4

1.4 .1 浮头式换热器 .................................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 固定管板式换热器 ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4.3 U形管换热器 ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 设计的思想 .................................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.1 首先设计必须满足生产需要 ............................................................................................. 7 1.5.2 设计必须安全可靠 ............................................................................................................. 7 1.5.3 设计必须经济合理 ............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 设计的特点 .................................................................................................................................... 8 第二章 设计主要参数 ................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 原始数据 ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 定性温度及物性参数 .................................................................................................................... 9 第三章 零件结构型式的选择 ..................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 前端管箱 ...................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 壳体 ............................................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 后端管箱 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3.4 管束分程和分程隔板的布置 ....................................................................................................... 11

3.4.1 管束分程 ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.4.2 分程隔板的布置 ................................................................................................................ 11 3.5 换热管 .......................................................................................................................................... 12

3.5.1 换热管的长度 ................................................................................................................... 12 3.5.2 规格及尺寸偏差 ............................................................................................................... 12 3.5.3 布管 ................................................................................................................................... 12 3.6 管子与管板的连接 ...................................................................................................................... 13 3.7 管板与壳体的连接 ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.8 折流板、支持板的选择 .............................................................................................................. 15 3.9 拉杆的选择 .................................................................................................................................. 15

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3.10 定距管的选择 ............................................................................................................................ 16 3.11 防冲板的选择 ............................................................................................................................ 16 3.12 排液口和排气口的选择 ............................................................................................................ 16 第四章 传热工艺技术 ................................................................................................................................. 18

4.1 有效平均温度 .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.2 传热量和流量 .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.3 管程换热系数计算 ...................................................................................................................... 19 4.4 结构初步设计 .............................................................................................................................. 19 4.5 壳程换热系数计算 ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.6 强度计算 ...................................................................................................................................... 21

4.6.1 换热管材料及规格的选择和根数的确定 ....................................................................... 21 4.6.2 确定壳体内径 ................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.3 确定壳体壁厚 ................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.4 壳体液压试验 ................................................................................................................... 22 4.6.5 管箱封头厚度计算 ........................................................................................................... 23 4.6.6 管箱短节厚壁计算 ........................................................................................................... 24 4.6.7 管箱液压试验 ................................................................................................................... 24 4.6.8 管板的设计 ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.6.9 钩圈式浮头 ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.6.10 管程压力作用下浮头盖的设计 ....................................................................................... 26 4.6.11 浮头侧封头厚度 ............................................................................................................... 26 4.6.12 折流板的选择 ................................................................................................................... 27 4.6.13 设备法兰的选择 ............................................................................................................... 28 4.7 换热面积校核 .............................................................................................................................. 35 4.8 支座强度校核 .............................................................................................................................. 36

4.8.1 反力计算 ........................................................................................................................... 37 4.8.2 筒体轴向弯矩计算 ........................................................................................................... 37 4.8.3 筒体轴向弯曲应力校核 ................................................................................................... 38 4.8.4 鞍座腹板强度校核 ........................................................................................................... 38 4.9 阻力计算 ...................................................................................................................................... 38

4.9.1 管程阻力计算 ................................................................................................................... 38 4.9.2 壳程压力降 ....................................................................................................................... 39

第五章 整体尺寸布局 ................................................................................................................................. 42 结论............................................................................................................................................................... 43 致谢............................................................................................................................................................... 44 参考文献 ....................................................................................................................................................... 45

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前言

前言

毕业设计是完成教学计划实现专业培养目标的一个重要的教学环节；是教学计划中综合性最强的实践性教学环节。它对提高学生综合运用专业知识分析和解决实际问题的能力以及培养学生的工作作风、工作态度和处理问题等方面具有很重要的意义。

毕业设计的题目是浮头式换热器设计。这次设计中的主要内容为换热器的工艺计算、换热器的结构与强度设计。其中，工艺计算主要是确定换热器的换热面积、换热器的选型、压降计算等；而结构与强度设计则主要包括：管板厚度计算、换热管的分布、折流板的选型、浮头盖及浮头法兰的计算、开孔补强计算以及各种零部件的材料选择等。在设计过程中，我尽量采用较新的国家标准，做到既满足设计要求，又使结构优化，降低成本，以提高经济效益为主，力争使产品符合生产实际需要，适合市场激烈的竞争。同时为了使本次设计能够进行顺利，我在设计前参阅了许多有关书籍和英文文献，并做了一定的摘要。

因为换热器设计是属于压力容器设计范畴，与我所学的课程有紧密的联系，所以这次设计对我的设计能力有了很大的提高。它不仅使我贯通几年里所学习的专业基础知识和专业理论知识，还培养和提高我们群体合作、相互配合的工作能力。换热器在设计过程中为技术分析与产品开发可以为设计者提供一个广阔的思维想象空间，还能激发设计者的创新意识。在设计过程中，我们可以很好地将所学的知识加以应用，在自己的脑海中巩固，这是我选择这个课题的初衷，而事实上我也达到了预期的目的。

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