三. 把下列句子翻译成中文。 1）火车未停，请勿开门。 译
2）鸡蛋未孵，勿先数雏。 译
3）喝水不忘掘井人。 译
4）无事不登三宝殿。 译
5)每个人都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些. 译
6) 这种化学元素对人体有害, 而那种是不会有害的。 译
7）领导们谈到了改革，谈到了价格，到了工资，谈到了科技的重要性。 译
8)由于她从来没有用过计算机，因此碰到了许多意想不到的困难。译
9)没有调查就没有发言权。 译
10)交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 译
一、把下列句子翻译成中文。
1）火车未停，请勿开门。 译
Don’t open the door until the train stops. 2）鸡蛋未孵，勿先数雏。 译
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 3）喝水不忘掘井人。 译
When you drink water, think of those who dug the well. 4）无事不登三宝殿。 译
I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. 5)每个人都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。译
Everyone knows that life on the Korean battle-field was rather hard. 6) 这种化学元素对人体有害, 而那种是不会有害的。译
This chemical element is harmful to human beings, but that one is not.
7）领导们谈到了改革，谈到了价格，到了工资，谈到了科技的重要性。 译
The leaders talked about the reform, prices, wages and the importance of science and technology.
8)由于她从来没有用过计算机，因此碰到了许多意想不到的困难。译
Having never used a computer, she met with a lot of unexpected difficulties. 9)没有调查就没有发言权。译
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 10)交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作好。 译
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.
11）无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。 译
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
12）使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别违反日内瓦公约。译
The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law--- in particular of the Geneva Convention.
13）但是我们还是有缺点的，而且还有很大的缺点。 译
But we still have defects, and very big ones.
14) 过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱情变为溺爱，过度的借鉴变为贪婪。 译
Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 15) 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。译
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
二．根据提示翻译下面这段话。
当今世界正处在历史性的大变动之中，国际竞争日趋激烈。世界范围的经济、文化和科学技术的竞争，归根到底是民族素质的竞争。妇女的素质影响到民族的素质，妇女的发展水平影响着一个国家的综合国力。在21世纪即将到来之际，妇女问题更是举世关注的焦点之一，以行动谋求平等、发展与和平，已成为整个国际社会不可逆转的潮流。今后几年，是我国推进改革开放和现代化建设的重要时期，也是我国妇女进步与发展的重要时期。广大妇女要发扬自尊、自信、自力、自强的精神，在推动社会发展的过程中求得自身的进步与发展。 参考译文
词汇和表达方法：
处在变动中 to undergo a change 民族素质 the quality of a nation
综合国力 the comprehensive strength of a nation
举世瞩目（关注）的焦点 the focuses of international attention 以行动谋求平等 to work to get equality with actions 不可逆转的潮流 an irreversible tide
发扬?的精神 to display the spirit of
自尊、自信、自立、自强 self-respect, self-confidence, independence, self-reliance 求得自身的进步 to attain one’s own progress
The world today is undergoing a historical change and international competition is getting increasingly tenser. The competition in economy, culture, science and technology in the world is fundamentally a competition of the quality of a nation as a whole. The quality of women affects the quality of a nation and the development level of women so does the comprehensive strength of a nation. At a time as the 21st century is coming, the matters concerning women has become one of the focuses of international attention and to work to get equality, development and peace with actions has become an irreversible tide for the international community. The coming few years are an important period of time not only for China‘s open-and-reform and modernization efforts but also for the progress and development of Chinese women. It is imperative for the broad masses of women to display the spirit of self-respect, self-confidence, independence and self-reliance and work to attain their own progress and development in the course of promoting social development
第二课 物称与人称
【知 识 点】 物称与人称 翻译技巧——如何选择主语
【学习建议】 结合实例认真揣摩与体会汉英语言具体与抽象的特点
英语中较常见物称表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，有些英语写作论著称之为“the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language”. 请看下例
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.
译：近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规定，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。
非人称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉、间接。
汉语则较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。
一、英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语 1.英语可用人称主语表达，也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。举例
1.英语可用人称主语表达，也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”，如： 1）What has happened to you? 你出了什么事啦？
2）An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。
3）A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
4）Not a sound reached our ears.（A. S. Hornby） 我们没有听到任何声音。 5）A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
6）Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。
2.用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语，同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语，因而这种句式往往带有拟人化（personification）修辞色彩，语气含蓄，令人回味，反映了英美民族的幽默感。
汉人较缺少幽默感,注重的是“什么人做什么事”,往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。举例
2.用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语，同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语，因而这种句式往往带有拟人化（personification）修辞色彩，语气含蓄，令人回味，反映了英美民族的幽默感。
汉人较缺少幽默感，注重的是“什么人做什么事”，往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。如： 1）From the moment we stepped into the People‘s Republic of China care and
kindness? surrounded us on every side.（Hewlett and Nowell Johnson：To China at Ninety）
一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。 2）Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
3）The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
4）The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.（P.
Bromhead : Life? in Modern America）
从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
二、英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法，汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。
汉语没有英语 “it”作主语的非人称被动式，也少用被动式，而较多用主动形式表达被动意义。这与汉人的主体思维甚有关系。
1）发现了错误，一定要改正。 译
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 2）看树看果实，看人看作为。 译
A tree is known by its fruit , and a man is known by his actions. 3）必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。译
Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.
4）只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。 译
The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known. 5）当两个物体在一起摩擦时，电子便从一个物体转到另一个物体。 译
Whenever two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to the other.
如何选择主语
在汉英转换中，用“物称”代替“人称”常常是一种有效的手段，如：
1）一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 2）近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。