economy while encouraging and guiding the development of the non public sector.
第三课 被动与主动
【知 识 点】 被动与主动 翻译技巧——主动句与被动句的转换 【学习建议】 结合实例认真揣摩与体会汉英语言主动态与被动态的特点
被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。可以说被动句促成了物称倾向，而反过来物称倾向也滋长了被动句。被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别与汉语的又一特点。这一特点在一些正式文体，尤其是科技文体，报刊文体等文体中反映得尤为突出。
英语被动语态除了在科技文体中广泛使用外，还常见于以下情况。
1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例
Such books are written for children. We haven‘t been told about it.
2) 出于礼貌、措辞圆通等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例
You are requested to give a performance.
It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
3) 无从说出主动者是谁。例
You‘re wanted on the phone. Rice is chiefly grown in the south.
4) 为了便于衔接。例
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. Jack fought John in the men‘s singles last night and was beaten.
5) 为了突出谈话的中心。例
英语被动式一般借助形态变化来表示，形式很多：有限定动词多种时态的被动式，也有非限定动词（不定式、分词、动名词）的被动式；有非人称被动式(impersonal passive)，如 it is believed，也有双重被动式(double passive), 如The date is expected to be announced soon。这些具有结构标志的被动句不仅应用范围很广，而且使用的频率也很高。而意义被动式，即用主动的形式表达被动的意义，在英语里比较少见。主要常见于以下情况，如： 1) 一些表示―开始‖、―结束‖ 意思的不及物动词。例
When did the accident occur
The interview took place in an ordinary house.
2) 一些表示―移位‖、―运转‖等意义的动词。例 The stone moved.
His voice records well.
3) 有些表示状态特征的连系动词。例 The flowers smell wonderful.
The method proved effective.
4) 有些动词往往和表示行为方式的状语连用，以表示被动意义。例 These products sell like hot cakes.(= are sold)
The clock winds up at the back(=can be wound up).
The room filled rapidly.(=was filled).
汉语中虽也有被动句式，但使用范围不及英语广泛。汉语的被动式有两种表示法：一种是有形式标志的被动式，另一种是没有形式标志的被动式。
★有形式标志的被动式：汉语表示被动的语言手段有：受、遭、由、被、给、叫、让、加以、予以、为等。如：
代表团受到热烈欢迎。 杯子让他打破了。
两天的活叫你们一天给干完了。
★没有形式标志的被动式：汉语除了用上述语言手段表示被动语态以外，许多时候，主语是被动者时，不用被动的语言手段，特别在口语里更是这样。如： 文章写好了。 信已寄了。 大楼盖起来了。 主动句与被动句的转换
英汉语这种使用上的差异，常使英语被动式结构汉译时在句式上并不完全一致，有时需改变结构。总的来说可以按照以下五条原则来翻译。
1．英语被动句强调被动者所受到的的行为，而其行为对被动者来说，多半是不幸的、不愉快的或不企望的，并且说话人带有明显的感情成分。翻译这类句子时在汉语里大部分用“被/给”，如例1，2；或用“遭/受”等词来译，如例3，4。
1) At about 2 o‘clock in the morning, I was wakened by a phone call. 大约凌晨两点钟，我被（给）电话铃声惊醒了。
2) They would not be conquered and enslaved without a struggle. 他们不愿不作斗争就被（给）征服并沦为奴隶。 3) They were hit by a natural calamity last year. 他们去年遭灾了。
4) The President‘s hands-off resolve will be severely tested. 总统不插手的决心将受严重考验。
2．英语被动句强调被动者或被动者所受到的行为，而其行为对于被动者来说，多半是愉快的、幸运的、或企望的，翻译成汉语时可用“得（到）”。如例5，6。 5) He was given a prize. 他得了奖。
6) Although he introduced many improvements for this organization, his greatness
was not recognized.
虽然他为该公司作了多项改进工作，但他的才能并为得到赏识。
3．英语被动句强调被动者或被动者所受到的行为，其主要目的是在说理叙事，且句中主语不是指人，主语对其所受行为也没什么不幸或愉快的感觉。翻译这类句子时，在汉语里可用“予以”，“加以”，“为所”，“由”等字。
7) The matter must be discussed at the meeting. 这件事必须在会上予以讨论。
8) These problems should be resolved in good time. 这些问题应该及时加以解决。
9) These views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who
are fighting for their emancipation.
马克思与恩格斯的这些见解，现在已为争取解放的全体无产阶级所接受了。 10) The invitations and preliminary arrangements for the conference would be
handled by the seven nation committee.
会议邀请事宜和预备事宜将由七国委员会处理。
4．英语被动句有时被动意义很弱，他们是强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在。翻译这类句子时，在汉语里可用“是…….的”句式。
11) The colleges are built on a plan common to all. 各个学院是按照共同的布局建造的。
12) Firuza was trained at the Tadzhik University. 福鲁莎是在塔吉克大学受训的。
5．英语被动句有时无须强调被动者，或被动者是无生命的事物，因而它对所受的行为不会有什么感觉。翻译这类句子时，在汉语里可用“把”字。 12) She was taken up to Laurie‘s room by a servant. 一个佣人把她带到劳里的房间里。
14) He was laughed at by the people as a foolish dreamer.
人们把他当作愚蠢的空想家来嘲笑。/人们嘲笑他是一个愚蠢的空想家。 15) These boxes can‘t be stored below. 不能把这些箱子放在下面。
16) These problems needn‘t be put forward at the meeting. 会上不必把这些问题提出来。/这些问题不必在会上提出来。 A. Translate the following sentences into English.
1）She hadn‘t been told the man‘s name, or she‘d forgotten it.译
2）The visitor was flattered and impressed. 译
3）The boy was assured by his mother that she would buy him a toy. 译
4）The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 译
5） Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital. 译
6）A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.译
7）Eventually the plan was abandoned. 译
8） She was blamed for everything her sister did.译
9）Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years. 译
10）Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. 译
11）The whole country was armed in a few days. 译
12）The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 译
13） Billings can‘t be deterred from his plan. 译
14） It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.译
15）The crew were trained at Eglin Field.译
16）The decision to attack was not taken lightly.译
17）Any minute we could be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the field.译
18）Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 译
19）I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.译
20）She does not photograph well.译
B、翻译下面的这篇短文。
I Am a Dollar By John S . Tompkins
For generations I've been honest, sound and reliable. My safety is legendary. Some call me Almighty. Others warn that worship of me is a sin. I am a dollar. A buck. One of these 2.61-by-6.41-inch pieces of printed paper in your pocket or purse.
Credit cards were supposed to have made me obsolete years ago, but people use me more than ever. In 1960, only $ 165.16 was in circulation for each one of you. Now it's $888.85.
I'm the world's most important currency. Without me, international trade would halt. The price of every thing from Persian Gulf oil to Brazilian coffee is quoted in my name.
Take a look at me. I carry an engraving of George Washington after Gilbert Stuart's painting. Bank tellers stack me face up so they can look George in the eye. It's a security feature. Counterfeit portraits often look dull or one-dimensional.
Seven Presidents are shown on my other denominations, but it's unlikely you've eyed Mckinley, Cleveland or Madison. No $500, $1000, or $5000 bills have been issued since 1969 because demand is small. Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury, graces the$10,000 bill. but only 345 of these are still in your hands. Chase and the three Presidents were retired form circulation in 1969; whenever one of them shows his face, the Federal Reserve Bank ships him to the treasury for destruction. 参考译文
美元自述
（美）约翰·汤普金斯
古代以来，我一向诚实，安全，可靠。我的安全性有为传奇。有些人称我为万能，别的人则警告说，对我的崇拜是一种罪恶。我就是美元，俗称：―绿票子‖，是你们口袋中或钱包里那些2.61×6.14英寸的刷纸中的一张。
数年前，说是信用卡使我变得过时了，可是人们比以往更多地使用我。1960年，只有165.16美元供你们每个人在市场上流通，如今则有888.85美元。 我是世界上最重要的通货。没有我，国际贸易就会停止。从波斯湾石油到巴西咖啡，每样东西的价格都是以我的名义报价的。
看看我吧。我身上带有吉尔伯特·斯图尔特画的乔治·华盛顿像的雕版印刷像。银行出纳员把我票面朝上叠拢起来，好仔细端详一下乔治。那是一副令人安然的面容。假冒的画像看上去常常显得呆滞或缺乏立体感。
还有七位总统显现在我别的面值上，但你们已不大可能看到麦金莱、克利夫兰或麦迪逊了。因为需求不大，面值为500美元、1000美元和5000美元的纸币自1969年以来已不发行了。林肯总统的财政部长萨蒙·蔡斯使10000美元面值的纸币增放光彩，可是现今这些纸币中只有345张还在你们手里。蔡斯和那三位总统已于1969年从流通中退隐了；它们当中无论有谁露面，联帮储备银行就把他装运到财政部销销毁。