4）It is two-way street in politics. When you ignore people, they are going to ignore you.译
5）He said that the meeting was informative. 译
D) From verbs to nouns
1）The US objected that North Korea was not a member of the UN.译
2）Numerous abstentions marked the French election. 译
3）They argue that regimes come and go, that political issues are always transient, that the Olympic spirit is transcendent. 译
4）He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.译
5）The festivities provided a jolly afternoon, marred only by the near-universal recognition that……译
6）Hatred has gone on for centuries between the two families. 译
E) From nouns to adjectives
1）His admission brought to light the entire hypocrisy of the statement made by the representatives of the Anglo-American bloc about the defense of rights of individual freedom.译
2）In Europe, his name was well-known, if not a household word. 译
3）The spokesman admitted the feasibility of the American proposals. 译
4）Many favor unswerving loyalty to NATO.译
5）As the war went on, there was increased demoralization among the soldiers. 译
6）He sometimes, as I thought, bore me down more by his fluency than by the strength of his reasons.译
2.Translate the following article into Chinese. A True Figure of Strength
Five thousand people queue for over ten hours to see David Beckham sign copies of his autobiography. This can only mean one thing---Britain is caught up in a bizarre epidemic. After the death of Princess Diana, newspapers in this country were desperate to find .a replacement - someone who they could gossip about, someone with glamour and someone who looked good in photographs. They found two in the shape of Victoria and Beckham. This pop singer and footballer combination fulfilled all their criteria and they have made the couple the most photographed and talked about twosome in the UK today.
Since he stepped out onto the pitch for his first team place as a gifted teenager, David Beckham has always been a Manchester United favourite. This good looking, shy but supremely talented lad stole the show and has continued to do so up to the present day. Since then the lad has grown up and when he married top Spice Girl, Victoria Adams, his profile increased even more and now you simply cannot open a newspaper without some photographs or piece of tittle-tattle about them both blazing out at you. They are the new royalties.
Over the last couple of months though, David himself has seemed to have undergone a complete change of image. This doesn't just mean the fact that he cut off his blond flowing locks ..and replaced them with a severe skinhead. It seems that David has become aware of himself in a way that no other sports personality has ever done before. Together with his wife Victoria and child Brooklyn he has appeared in those mainstays of many a gay reading, Hello and OK! magazine and talked openly about his fan base. In OK! he went to great lengths to say how much he enjoyed having gay fans and how pleased he was at being a gay icon: \men or women that fancy you, it's always nice to be liked.\
It has been said that when Becks took to the pitch with his blond hair and wearing his Man United shorts, as many men as women went weak at the knees. Some hardened footie fans may argue the point but just look at how many people have, since David has adopted the skinhead cut, gone for that same butch look. Watch television now and see how many other footballers have changed to the 'Beckham' style and walk down the street and see all the young things who have suddenly put half the hairdressers in Britain out of business... and Beckham is big business.
With the release of the book, ?Beckham -David Beckham My World? the perception of the man has gone up yet another notch. He talks about himself and his family but it is the fantastic array of photographs by Dean Freeman that sets this book apart from other sporting autobiographies. Dressed in only a pair of white cotton Calvin Klein boxer shorts on the front cover, Beckham took the label into the realms of a sexy superstar. The photograph shows the man looking hard yet vulnerable and sexy .
The power of Beckham crosses all ages and sexes. He appears to be loved and adored by all. Craig Jameson, the boss of the Prowler Book store in Soho which sells the book, said: \No matter how many we got in, they just went immediately. I'm not surprised.\参考译文
真正的硬汉 5000人排了10个多小时的队就为了等到贝克汉姆在自传上的签名。这只 自从作为天才少年首发上场以来，贝克汉姆始终是曼联最受宠爱的球员 在过去的几个月中，大卫本人似乎经历了一场彻底的形象转变：不仅仅 据说每当贝克汉姆踏上赛场，他的金发和曼联队短裤使得不光是女球迷 随着《大卫?贝克汉姆——我的世界》一书的发行，人们对他的了解又进
真正的硬汉
5000人排了10个多小时的队就为了等到贝克汉姆在自传上的签名。这只能说明一件事——一场奇异的流行时尚正席卷了整个不列颠。在戴安娜王仙逝后，英国报界迫切希望能找到替代者——一个可供他们制造流言蜚语、魅力四射同时又极上镜的人。他们终于找到了，这两个人就是维多利亚和贝克汉姆。这对流行歌手加足球明星的组合符合他们所有的标准，贝氏夫妇由此成为当今英国上镜率最高、人们谈论最多的两个人。
自从作为天才少年首发上场以来，贝克汉姆始终是曼联最受宠爱的球员。这位相貌英俊、性格腼腆但才华横溢的小伙子博取了所有人的关注，这种情况一直持续到了今天。从此，小伙子开始日渐走向成熟。在他迎娶了辣妹合唱组中的灵魂人物维多利亚·亚当斯之后，有关他的报道更是急剧增长。现在，随便翻开哪张报纸，都会有他们两人的照片或者有关他们的一两则小道消息醒目地出现在你面前。他们已然成为了新的皇室成员。
在过去的几个月中，大卫本人似乎经历了一场彻底的形象转变：不仅仅指他以朴实的光头替代了原先飘逸的金发，他似乎还以某种方式实现了对自我的意识，这在其他体育界人士是从未有过的。他与妻子维多利亚和儿子布鲁科林出现在同性恋主流杂志《Hello》和《OK!》上，公开谈论自己的球迷营垒。在《OK!》杂志上他敞开心扉表示自己欢迎同性恋球迷并为自己成为他们的偶像感到高兴：―这太酷了。其他人或许对此难以接受，但不管是男人还是女人，受他们的喜欢总是件好事。‖
据说每当贝克汉姆踏上赛场，他的金发和曼联队短裤使得不光是女球迷，也包括同样数量的男人们兴奋得双膝发软。有些铁杆球迷或许会对此有争议，但是请看看自从大卫换了新发型以后有多少球迷纷纷效仿，打开电视看看有多少球员已经换上了―贝克汉姆式‖发型，再请到街上看看那些年轻人是怎样在突然间使得英国半数的理发店门庭冷落……贝克汉姆绝对是一笔大生意。
随着《大卫?贝克汉姆——我的世界》一书的发行，人们对他的了解又进入了一个新层次。他在书中谈论了自己和家庭，但真正使这本书与其他体育明星自传区别开来的是迪恩?福里曼拍摄的精美异常的照片。封面上的贝克汉姆仅穿一条白色的C．K．平脚短裤，他使这一品牌进入超级性感男子汉领域，这幅照片在表现刚强的同时也显示出男人的脆弱和性感。 贝克汉姆的影响力已经跨越年龄和性别差异，似乎所有的人都喜欢他，崇拜他。伦敦索霍区销售此书的浦罗拉书店老板克莱格?詹姆森说：―无论我们进多少都能马上卖光，我一点也不觉得奇怪。‖
3.Translate the following UNDERLINED PART of the text into English within 30 minutes.
Notes: To enhance your ability to translate with reasonable speed, from this unit on, you'll be given a short passage from which one or two paragraphs are to be translated either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English.
There is no doubt that a vast store of knowledge is available to improve man?s welfare. Nevertheless, as was pointed out in the World Plan of Action for the Application of Science and Technology to Development, such knowledge is of little use if there is no political will or if there is a lack of the means and capacity to use it. This implies, basically, that there is a need for policy design and implementation by Governments and international agencies, as well as by national communities in the production, science and education sectors. Nations should be in a position to assess their
requirements and to carry out with appropriate international co-operation, programmers and projects to draw on scientific and technological knowledge, to encourage research, to establish such institutional infrastructure as may be necessary and to stimulate social changes conducive to the attainment of development objectives. Otherwise, little outcome can be expected from scientific and technological efforts, and the present pattern of concentration in and dominance by developed countries will be bound to continue.参考译文
毫无疑问，增进人类福利的知识是非常丰富的，可是正如《科学和技术应用于发展的世界行动计划》所指出的那样，如果没有政治意愿，或者没有加以利用的办法和能力，那么这些知识是用处不大的。这基本上就是说，各国政府和各个国际机构，以及国家的生产，科学，教育等部门，都需要制定政策和执行政策。各国应当能够评估（估量）它们自己的需要，并在适当的国际合作下，利用科技知识来执行各项方案和项目，鼓励研究，建立必要的基础设施，促进有利于达成发展目标的社会改革。否则,人们无法指望科技方面的努力能有多大的成果，而且目前科技集中于发达国家以及由发达国家进行控制的格局，也必然会继续下去。
第五课 抽象与具体
【知 识 点】 具体与抽象：翻译技巧；具体与抽象译法
【学习建议】 结合实例认真揣摩与体会汉英语言具体与抽象的特点
英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。抽象表达法（method of abstract diction）在英语里使用得相当普遍，尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信件等文体。这种表达法主要见于以下两种情况：
1．大量使用抽象的名词。这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的“魅力”，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。如： 1）The signs of times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of
administration.（―Times‖）（=It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified）
管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
2）No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of
government is becoming increasingly difficult.（―Spectator‖）（=Every year shows again how true it is that……）
行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。
值得一提的是英语有丰富的词义虚化手段，这就大大方便了抽象表达法的使用。英语中用虚化词缀构词的现象很普遍，前缀和后缀都可以使词义虚化，其中以后缀数量最多、分布最广。如： 后缀：
-ness表示性质、状态、程度： oneness, disinterestedness, thoughtfulness,
up-to-dateness, carelessness
-ity表示性质、状态、程度：calamity, purity, alkalinity, modernity, liberality, formality, humanity, gravity
-ism表示主义、学说、信仰、行为、行动、状态、特征、特性、病态：Marxism, atomism,
criticism, vandalism, barbarism, colloquialism, alcoholism, fatalism
-ship表示情况、状态、性质、身份、职业、技巧、技能：hardship, friendship, apprenticeship,
marksmanship
-hood表示身份、资格、性质、状态：childhood, priesthood, falsehood, likelihood,
manhood, bachelorhood
2．用介词表达比较虚泛的意义。介词本来就是虚词，在英语里十分活跃。介词可以构成各式各样的短语或成语，其意义有时虚泛得难以捉摸，如：
1）be in at:
If any mischief was going forward, Peter was sure to be in at it.
只要有什么恶作剧，其中免不了总有彼得。
2）be in for:
I understand he‘s in for a job in the company.
我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。
3）be in for it:
When your mother sees your torn trousers, you‘ll be in for it.
要是你妈妈看到你的裤子撕破了，你准得吃苦头。
4）in on:
If there‘s any profit to be got out of the deal, I‘m going to be in on it.
如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份。
与英语相比，汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。这主要是因为汉语缺乏象英语那样的词缀虚化手段。名词从形式上很难辨别出“具体”或“抽象”。
现代汉语的一些抽象词尾（如“性”、“化”、“度”、“品”、“主义”等）大多来自外语。例如：“性”译自英语的-ty, -ness, 等（necessity必要性、correctness正确性），“化”译自英语的-ization, -tion等（modernization现代化）。
现代汉语虽然可以从外文中引进这类抽象意义的记号，但其应用的范围仍然相当有限，并非都应译为“性”、“化”、“主义”等。如Americanism就不能译为“美国主义”，而应译为具体的词，如美国用语、美国发音、美国腔、美国习俗、美国方式、对美国的信仰或效忠等。再如，hinduism