36 where people are claiming their prints have been transferred and put in producing them together with the object pictured to be generally used again
incrimination objects．We are not aiming to establish if these allegations
are true or not，but we are questioning current fingerprinting methods as part of a general investigation into scientific evidence．Some of Britain’s top criminal lawyers are worried about this increasing number of claims．” How can a fingerprint be transferred? A fingermark left on a greasy glass or some other smooth surface can be lifted with a strip of adhesive．It Questions：
1) Why are fingerprints now in the dock? 1)This is because of a growing number of claims from defendants that their‘prints’have been‘lifted’and planted at scenes of crimes．
2) Why is a committee of criminal lawyers carrying out an inquiry into fingerprinting?2)Because one of the cornerstones of evidence now is being can then be deposited on another，per—haps incriminating，object．Accusations about planted prints were first put up at an old Bailey IRA bomb trial nine years ago without succes．Fingerprints at the scene of a crime used to be dusted down with fine powder，photographed for identification purposes，then the pictures and the objects caring the prints were produced in court．
However，since 1973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain．Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to lift a print，which is then produced in court as evidence．Before 1973 the object on which the prints were found a bottle，dagger or a gun used to be shown in court as well．This is no longer necessary．As a result criminals are claiming that their prints have been’1ifted’and planted elsewhere．There have been two successful claims in the United States，though this 1ine of defence has failed in Britain．
According to the ex chief of Scotland Yard’s fingerprint department，Mr.HaroldSquires，who is now an independent defence witness：“More than 55％of the cases I now get are making these claims．But so far I have not seen any fingerprint evidence that proves the allegation to be true．Petty crooks are always accusing the police of lifting their prints and planting them at the scene of a crime．“According to ex--chief Superintendent Squires，lifting a mark and transferring it to another object requires great skill and trouble．”He added：“it’s almost impossible but it can be done．It can usually be easily detected by someone like me，but there is a chance that even I may not be able to tell．’’
Mr．Squhes sees the new line of defence as an attack on the po1ice by desperate men．He would like the old method of photographing prints and
placed in doubt．
3)When were accusations about’planted prints’first put up?
3)Accusations about‘planted prints’were first put up at an Old Bailey IRA bomb trial nine years ago．
4)According to the passage，is it necessary to show the object on which the prints were found in court now?4)No，it's not necessary．
5) What are the two methods of taking prints mentioned in the passage? 5)Fingerprints at the scene of a crime used to be dusted down with fine powder，since1 973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain．Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to‘lift’a print． Passage 21 Petroleum，like coal，is found in sedimentary rocks，and was probably formed from long dead living organisms .The rocks in which it is found are almost always of ocean origin and the petroleum forming organisms must have been ocean creatures rather than tress. Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter，petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms such as plankton，the myriads of single—celled creatures that float in the surface layers of the ocean. The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms．It does not take much in the way of chemical change to turn that into petroleum．It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage，instead of decomposing and decaying，the fat accumulates，is trapped under further layers of ooze，undergoes
minor rearrangements of atoms，and finally is petroleum．
Petroleum is lighter than water and，being liquid，tends to ooze upward through the porous rock that covers it．There are regions on Earth where some reaches the surface and the ancients spoke o pitch，bitumen，or asphalt．In ancient and medieval times，such petroleum seepages were more often looked on as medicines rather than as fuels．
Of course，the surface seepages are in very minor quantities．Petroleum stores，however，are sometimes overlain with nonporous rock .The petroleum
37 4)The petroleum gushes high into the air．
What does“the case”refer to in the last paragraph?
5)Coal is moved in freight trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded． Passage 22
The rich world’s argument about the environment follows a pattern． Environmentalists say pollution is terrible and getting worse．Businessmen retort that a real clean-up would cost too much．The seeping upward reaches that rock and then remains below it in a slowly accumulating pool．If a hole can be drilled through the rock overhead，the petroleum can move up through the hole．Sometimes the pressure on the pool is so great that the petroleum gushes high into the air．The first successful drilling was carried through in 1859 in Titusville，Pennsylvania，by Edwin Drake．
If one found the right spot(and prospectors eventually learned to recognize the kind of geologic formations that made it likely for a pool of trapped petroleum to exist underground)then it was easy to bring up the liquid material．It was much easier to do that than to send men underground to chip out chunks of solid coal．Once the petroleum was obtained，it could be moved overland through pipes，rather than in freight trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded，as was the case with coal． Questions：
Petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of rather than the product of the accumulating woody matter.1)ocean organisms The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of atoms．2)carbon and hydrogen
Describe simply the petroleum’S formation process．
3)It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage，instead of decomposing and decaying，the fat accumulates，is trapped under further layers of ooze，undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms，and finally is petroleum．
Sometimes when the pressure on the pool is very great，what happens?
ordinary citizen believes both：the environment is indeed going down the drain，but so might his job if anyone tries to stop that．All of them，it turns Out，are wrong． Recent statistics show that，in rich countries at least，many of the worst pollution problems are far smaller than they used to be，and that the costs of this success have so far been small。
Start with air pollution．The dreaded greenhouse gase are still flowing into the atmosphere．But output of gases that attack the ozone layer is well under control．Production ofCFCs(含氯氟烃)used in refrigerators has fallen by two thirds since the mid一1980s．many pollutants have been beaten back．The flow of oxides of sulfur，which contribute to evils such as acid rain and smog，has fallen by around a third in rich countries since 1980．Emissions of lead，soot and carbon monoxide，each hazardous to human health，have also fallen sharply．
Water quality has improved in many ways．There is still worry about chemicals．such as fertilizers and heavy metals，draining of the land．But many of the organisms that once infested(寄生于)rich world waterways，and which still kill millions in poor countries，are retreating steadily．Progress is largely due to the spread of waste—water treatment. Has this cost jobs? There is no evidence for that．Spending on pollution control amounts to 1％ 2％of GDP(国内生产总值)in most rich countries，but that has not cut ions overall．True，certain industries such as mining have lost jobs，and some companies have moved to less strict third world countries .But greenery，like any new market，has also created jobs：the market world—wide was worth some$200 billion in 1990．
38 Much of this progress was due to market forces，not regulation．It took the surface．If nothing stops their migration，the oil and natural gas may
rules to keep lead out of petrol and smog away from London．But much of
the fail in oxides of sulfur，for example，springs from the decline of coal burning industries．Except for waste water treatment．most improvements have come fairly cheap．Either inexpensive alternatives already existed or cheap gadgets(机械装置)could be added to existing machinery． Some regulation has gained support because it protects vested interests(既得利益者)．The rich countries’ban on CFCs，for example，is backed by big reach the surface and escape through a surface seep．
However，if the oil and natural gas encounter a layer of impermeable rock that has the right shape and pores are too small,it becomes trapped．Finding these trapped accumulations is the petroleum geologists’goal．
Since there isn’t any way to be absolutely sure where new oil and natural gas reserves are，we have to collect clues that indicate what 1ies deep beneath the earth’s surface．We look at two types of clues surface and chemicals firms that are eager to create a market for their substitutes． Questions：
What in the air is responsible for acid rain?1)Oxides of sulfur． What in the waterways are still causing death to millions in poor countries?Many of the organisms that once infested in waterways． How much money is spent on pollution control in rich countries? 1％-2％ of GDP．
What played the chief role in bringing down pollution levels? It has also created jobs． Market forces． Passage 23
On average each person in the United States uses about three gallons of petroleum everyday．
Almost everyone knows how we depend on oil and natural gas for transportation and to heat our homes．In fact，oil and natural gas are used to meet almost two thirds of our energy needs! Where to Find 0iJ and Natural Gas
As you learned earlier，oil and natural gas formed when decaying plants and bacteria are trapped in layers of sediment and become buried deep within the earth．Heat and pressure turn them into useful hydrocarbons．These 1ayers are called source rocks． The hydrocarbons tend to migrate away from the source rocks into reservoir rocks．These core rocks with pores large enough to permit fluids，like oil and gas，and water to pass through them．Because oil and natural gas are less dense than water in the surrounding pores，they will rise upward toward
subsurface．
Collecting Surface Clues
One way to gather clues is to look at surface data like rock properties，surface structure and oil and natural gas seeps．In the old days，this was done by walking the land．This did pro—duce valuable information，but it was very time consuming and there are some places that are just too remote to explore!
Today we gather much more data by using airplanes and satellites to map the surface and to look for oil and natural gas seeps．Ships can do the same for the ocean floor．
Collecting Sub——surface Clues
We get much more useful information by looking at geological structures and rock properties below the surface．Advanced exploration technology even helps us locate remaining re—serves at existing sites that were thought to be depleted．We typically use three ways to look below the surface：gravity and geomagnetic surveys，seismic surveys and data from wells． Questions：
1) How much petroleum does each person in the United States use every day on average?1)About three gallons． 2)——are the rocks with pores large enough to permit fluids，like oil and gas，and water to pass through．2)Reservoir rocks． 3)What is the petroleum geologists’goal?
3)Finding trapped accumulations is the petroleum geologists’ goal． 4)What are the two ways to gather clues that indicate what lies deep beneath the earth’s surface?
39 4)One way to gather clues is to look at surface data like rock properties，It may still be working．
surface structure and oil and natural gas seeps．The other way is to look
at geological structures and rock properties below the surface．
5) What are the three ways we typically use to look below the surface? 5)We typically use three ways to look below the surface：gravity and geomagnetic surveys，seismic surveys and data from wells． Passage 24 Sleep is something we generally associate with living persons or animals．Of Passage 25 Coronary artery disease is a disorder in which the coronary arteries become narrowed．One or all of the arteries may be affected．Because the vessels are narrowed，blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced．Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries．In arteriosclerosis，fatty material collects on the arterial wails．This causes the arteries to narrow and obstruct blood flow．Blood flow through course，it is true that a lot of animals sleep，but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life，like worms ever really sleep．On the other hand，animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5months every year． The amount of sleep human beings need varies with people of different ages，habits and possibly races．For example，doctors think that pre—school children need between 10 and 12hours a night；school children between 9 and 11 hours；and adults between 7 and 9 hours．There are rare cases of old people who only sleep between 2 and 3 hours a day and continue to be active and healthy．The sleep requirements of different races also appear to be different．Japanese people，for example，sleep fewer hours than Europeans．
It is not known for certain if the activity of a man’s mind(besides dreaming)occurs when he is asleep．However，it is certainly true that some people can wake up at a predetermined time．There are also stories a bout some maths professors who solve difficult problems during sleep，because their subconscious minds continue working on the problem． Questions：
What is the passage mainly about?
Sleep and the activity of a man's mind during his sleep．
According to zoologists，primitive forms of animal 1ife．might not sleep What does the writer try to show in the second paragraph?
The amount of sleep human beings need varies with different people. What is true about Europeans when talking about sleep? They sleep more than the Japanses．
When a man is asleep，What is subconscious mind probably doing?
an artery may be completely blocked．Permanent heart damage Occurs in the part of the heart receiving its blood supply from that artery． Risk factors for the development of CAD had been identified．These include obesity，cigarette smoking，lack of exercise，a diet high in fat and cholesterol，and hypertension．Age and sex are two other risk factors．CAD is more 1ikely to occur in older individuals an in men．The type A personality is also a risk factor. The person with a type A Personality is aggressive, competitive, and works hard. The person has difficulty in relaxing, has a sense of urgency, and does thing at a rapid pace.
There are two major complications lf coronary artery disease. They are angina pectorals and myocardial infarction. Questions:
What is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries?
1)Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries．
What does the underlined word“this”refer to?
2)It refers to fatty material collects on the arterial walls． What are the risk factors for he development of CAD? 3)These include obesity，cigarette smoking，lack of exercise，a diet high in fat and cholesterol，and hypertension．Age and sex are two other risk factors．The type A personality is also a risk factor.
Is CAD more likely to occur in men or women according to the passage? 4)It is more 1ikely to occur in women．
What are the two major complications of coronary artery disease? 5)They are angina pectorals and myocardial infarction．
第一章英译汉
1．I hope all these possibilities will enable us to round the corner． 我希望所有这些可能的办法会使我们渡过困境。 2．It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated．当您认识到您的杰出事业是如此广泛的受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时，您就会为自己增添力量。 1．1990 was a bad year for the Soviet Union economy．It ended with a balance
40 2．He spoke against the decision．他发言反对那项决定。
3．In order to carry through its policies of economic development，peace is necessary for them．为执行经济发展方针，中国人民需要和平。 4．Such a system must be tailored quite closely to the machines it monitors． 这种系统的配置，必须十分接近被监视的机器。 (二)转译为形容词
1 There is an unbelievable environment for creatures so delicately of trade．1990年苏联的经济状况很糟，年底出现了贸易逆差。 2．The air—attack was quite unexpected．By the first evening，the number of Germans on the island had been more than doubled and was progressively reinforced by parachute drop，by glider and from the second evening onward by troop carriers．
这次空中袭击是出乎意外的，到第一天晚上时，岛上的敌人增加了一倍以上，并且还不断的用伞兵和滑翔机继续加强。从第二天晚上起，又用运输机来增援。 1．John can be relied on．He eats on fish and plays the game． 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
2．Christmas tree is an assembly which contains control valves pressure gauges and chokes assembled at the top of the well to control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been drilled and completed．
采油树是一种装在井口的，带有控制阀门、压力计和油嘴的装置，用于在钻井和完钻后控制石油和天然气的产量。
1．Borrowed garment never fits well. 借来的衣服不合体。
2．Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years，he was completely defeated．希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年就被彻底的击败了。
1．One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy． 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 2．Do you see any green in my eyes? 你认为我是好欺骗的吗? (一)转译为动词
1．There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country．目前我国各地对各种消费品的需求量大大增加。
constructed．
身体结构如此纤细的动物竞生活在这种环境中，真是令人费解。
2．We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it.
我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。 (三)转译成名词 1．Most U．S．spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions．
美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中销毁。
2．Computers are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs． 计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做更多不同的工作。 3．All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range． 超过弹性极限时，一切结构材料都会显示出塑性。 (四)转译成副词 1．We have the feeling that our so doing responds to the hope of establishing a greater international justice and a more equitable distribution of world force and responsibilities．
我们感到在这样做的时候，我们的行动更符合更广泛的建立国际正义和更公平地分配世界物力以及分担世界责任这一要求。
2．When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist，his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor． 只要发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用它的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。 3．In the long and laborious search，Marie Curie succeeded in isolating two new substance．
在长期辛勤的研究中，玛利居里成功地分解出两种新物质。 二、增译法