第四.
1. A story is told of Sultan of Brunei, one of the world’s wealthiest men, who was shopping in a department store in Manhattan. When he made a purchase, he was asked for identification. However, he carried no identification. ―I’m the Sultan of Brunei,‖ he stated. The salesperson insisted he needed to show identification. A quick-thinking aide darted forward, put his hand in his pocket, and pulled out a bill in the currency of Brunei. All the money in Brunei has the Sultan’s picture on it. 正确答案：
This case reflects one the characteristics of culture, that is, culture is a set of shared interpretations. People in a given culture share symbols of that culture. Cultures also share visual symbols. Company logos, icons, religious images, money and national flag are examples of visual symbols. In this case, money as the visual symbol establishes the very important link between communication and culture.
2. Phoenix is a kind of bird, who burns itself to ash and reborn from that every 500 years, so it is the symbol of renascence; Chinese phoenix is a different kind of bird, who never burns itself, but the symbol of fortune and queen. 正确答案：
This case can reflect words with different associated meanings. Language reflects the environment we live in, history, custom, values and so on, which are diverse in different cultures. So words that refer to the same object may have different associated meanings. The culturally-loaded words and expressions are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words, such as phoenix in this case.
3. In Malaysia, it is acceptable for a supervisor to display his authority and not to socialize with workers. If something goes wrong, the subordinates are usually blamed for not doing their proper job. 正确答案：
This case reflects one of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions—power distance, which measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. It suggests that a society’s level of inequality be endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. As high power distance culture prevails in Malaysia, it demonstrates the features quite distinctly.
- 21 -
第五.
1. In the United States, life is seen as a set of problems to be solved. For the Chinese, however, life is seen as a set of situations to be accepted. Americans, then, perceive problems much earlier than Chinese and thus prevent an actual problem from happening. On the other hand, for Chinese problem solvers, the problem exists when it has already happened. 正确答案：
This case can reflect that one of disadvantages of cultural diversity—attitudinal problems. Problems may be attitudinal. The attitudes that American people have when they perceive a problem is different from those of Chinese people. For Americans, then, perceive problems much earlier than Chinese and thus prevent an actual problem from happening.
2. When people are hungry, they are more likely to attend food advertisements. 正确答案：
This case can reflect that needs affect what people are more likely to attend to. When they need something, have and interest in it, or want it, they are more likely to sense it out of competing stimuli. So when people are hungry, they are more likely to attend food advertisements.
3. Wang Lei, a Chinese student, knows every word in the following sentence “The old man kicked the bucket”, but he is confused about this sentence since it means that the old man died. 正确答案：
This case reflects the barrier to successful translation ---- the problem of idiomatic equivalence. (2分)Native speakers know that this idiom means the old man died. (1分)If the sentence is translated word for word, the meaning conveyed would be literally that the old man kicked bucket----quite different from the intended meaning. (2分) This is one reason why English is a difficult language to learn as a second language. However, learning the idioms of a language can be an effective way of learning the culture.
- 22 -
第六.
1. The essence of the design of Chinese Garden is the harmony of nature and architect. This belief permeates in every aspect of Chinese culture. 正确答案：
This case can reflect one of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientations --- relationship to nature. Chinese people believe the balance and harmony between man and natural world. For example, Chinese medicine is mainly to adjust the unbalanced human body.
2. A 75-year old Chinese scholar had just made the 21-hour flight from Beijing, and he was met at the airport by some friends who exclaimed, ―You must be very tired!‖ His response was ―It’s OK.‖ However, an American traveler from the U.S to Beijing got off the plane after 24 hours of continuous travel and, in response to the same comment, ―You must be tired!‖ replied ―Tired! I’ve never been so tired in my life!‖ 正确答案：
This case can reflect different expressions between high-context cultures and low-context cultures. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They tend to think if thoughts are not in words, then the thoughts will not be understood correctly or completely. But high-context cultures have fewer tendencies to trust words to communicate. They rely on context to help clarify and complete the message.
3. The manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. 正确答案：
This case can reflect that posture, the way someone stands, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a person’s status in society. The manager is higher than subordinates in hierarchy, so he can stand erect when talking to them.
- 23 -
翻译
第一．
T Evidently, culture shock is something you cannot avoid when living in a foreign country. It does seem like a very helpful experience when you are going through its four stages. However, when you have completely adjusted to a new culture you can more fully enjoy it. You learn how to interact with other people, and you learn a considerable amount about life in a culture that is not your own. Furthermore, learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the shock of living in them helps you learn more about yourself. 正确答案：
很明显， 文化冲击是一种生活在异国他乡的人们无法避免的东西。当你经历文化冲击的这四个阶段时， 它似乎并不是一件有益的事。然而，当你完全适应了某一种新的文化时，你会更加充分地喜爱这种文化的。你学会了如何和他人交流，而且你还了解了大量与自己不同文化背景的人们的生活情况。此外，了解其他各种文化以及当你生活在其中时懂得如何去适应所受到的冲击，可以帮助你更好地了解你自己。
第二．
Staring at people or holding a glance too long is considered improper in English-speaking countries. Even when the look may be one of appreciation---as of beauty---it may make people uneasy and embarrassed. Many Americans traveling abroad find the stares of the local people irritating. They become extremely self-conscious and often end up quite indignant about the ―rudeness‖ of the people there, not realizing that the practice may be quite common in the country and may be nothing more than curiosity.
Many English-speaking people in China have been heard to complain about this. In fact, a young American woman who is a good friend of the author’s, decided to leave China partly because of this. Although she liked her teaching in Beijing and had strong feelings of affection towards China and the Chinese, she decided she could no longer stand the constant staring, the rude gaping (咧嘴凝视), wherever she went. The fact that she is unusually tall and large explains the behavior of many of the Chinese passersby. When she left China, it was with some reluctance; nevertheless, she left before she had planned to. The feelings aroused by staring can be that strong！
正确答案： 在英语国家，盯着对方看或看的过久都是不合适的。即使用欣赏的目光看人---如对方长得漂亮---也会使人发窘。许多外国人到其它国家去旅行，因当地人盯着他们看而恼火、很别扭，认为那里的人“无礼”而感到气愤，殊不知在该国是常事，看得人不过是好奇而已。
许多在华的讲英语的外国人对此流露过不满情绪。作者的一位好朋友是个美国青年妇女，因为常常有人盯着她看而决定回国。她很喜欢在北京教书，对中国和中国人都有深厚的感情，但她实在忍受不了到处被围观的无礼场面。的确，她身材很高大，容易引起过路人的好奇心。但这并不能成为无礼围观的理由。她离开中国时恋恋不舍，但还是提前回国了。可见围观能引起多么强烈的反感。
- 24 -
第三．
Although we may not realize it, when we converse with others we communicate by much more than words. By our expressions, gestures and other body movements we send messages to those around us. A smile and an outstretched hand show welcome. A frown is a sign of displeasure. Nodding one’s head means agreement----―Yes‖. Waving an outstretched hand with open palm is the gesture for ―goodbye‖. Leaning back in one’s seat and yawing at a talk or lecture shows lack of interest, boredom. These gestures have come to be accepted in general as having the meanings mentioned, at least to Chinese and Americans. They are part of the way in which we communicate. This “body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. （14 points） 正确答案：
我们同别人谈话时，交际的手段不限于词语，尽管我们没有意识到这一点。我们的表情，手势，身体其他部分的动作，都向周围的人传递信息。微微一笑伸出手来表示欢迎，皱眉表示不满，点头表示同意，挥手表示再见。听报告或讲演时，身子往椅背上一靠，打个呵欠表示厌烦，不感兴趣。人们公认这些动作表示上述意义，至少中国人和美国人都是这样的。这些动作是交际手段的一部分。“身势语”同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。
第四．
1. To talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips (紧抓，把握) with changes now taking place.
In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the decision-taking or decision-making process. At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in America.
正确答案：
以国家为背景探讨解决问题或做出决策的方式就意味着研究许多复杂的文化因素。他意味着试图评估这些因素对现代生活的影响，也意味着把握目前正在发生的变化。
在日本，最重要的是你为什么单位工作。在对其取向或决策过程进行分析时，这一点尤为重要。至少，它说明了美国的工作流动性大和相比而言日本的工作稳定性极高的原因。
2. The difference is that Western style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consult （征求意见）middle management or the worker while in Japan, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision. This is “bottom up” （由下而上）.
正确答案： 差别在于，西方式的决策多半源自高层管理人员，通常不征求中层管理人员或员工的意见；而在日本，最底层的人员也能提出想法，然后通过组织上传，对最后的决策产生影响。此为―由下而上‖。
- 25 -
第五．
In the U.S., however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed. Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to “get it moving‖. (5 points)
正确答案：
但在美国， 能迅速而成功地解决问题而完成工作，则被认为是有水平、有能力的标志。通常，工作越重要，投入的资金、精力和注意力就越多，其目的是“使工作开展起来”。
第六．
1. Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. (11 points) 正确答案：
你认为在异乡留学是一种听上去非常让人兴奋的事情吗？你认为你会像许多离家去另一个国家学习的年轻人一样会得到许多令人向往的乐趣吗？这当然是人生的新的经历，它会给你带来机会，会发现许多迷人的东西，获得一种自由感。然而尽管有这些好处，你也会遇到挑战。因为你的观点可能会与存在于不同国家的不同信念、准则、价值观念和传统发生冲突。（在适应一种新的文化及该文化中你不熟悉的那些部份时，你也许会遇到困难。这就是文化冲击。
2. Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse (流逝), it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were significant, not worthy of proper respect. Assignments are, consequently, felt to be given added weight by the passage of time. (6 points)
正确答案：
有些初来美国的人很可能来自其他的文化背景，在那里人们认为工作太快是一种失礼。在他们看来，如果不是花一定时间来处理某件事的话，则这件事就好像无足轻重，不值得给予适当的重视。因此，人们觉得时间会增加所做事情的重要性。
- 26 -