translation on the answer sheet.
People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.
Two partially solar-powered \– (机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.
1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, \priority.\
The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars. Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel.
\，it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key,\who was attending a mining engineers' conference.
2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.
Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars \canyon,\
\the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process,\
3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, \there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased.\ Section B From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.
自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷、销售以来，公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分。
1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统，在此过程中，圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中。 美国内战期间，奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡，当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯·纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队，旨在鼓舞士兵的士气。 托马斯·纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人。 2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边，南方军队的士气大大的受挫。没过多久，他们就战败了。 二战期间，同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们，幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助。
3. 事实上，正是从这个阶段开始，圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一。 IV. Writing(20%)
Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic “Learning is a life-long profession”. You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet. 2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million
visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head. The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London‘s most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father‘s death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward‘s brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III. After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes. 1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights 2. B. until B. by C. to D. at 3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled 4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well 5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded 6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with 7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than 8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won 9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke 10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view 11. A. on B. at C. with D. by 12. A. their B. the C. his D. a 13. A. announcedB. published C. advertised D. revealed 14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving 15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is
16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on 17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although 18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies 19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches 20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possibly II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One We all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord‘s fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet? There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to
pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite. Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production. These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children‘s choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing ?Silent Night‘, ?Jingle Bells‘ and so on. This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same. The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.
21. Why does the author describe the customers as a ?captive audience‘?
A. They usually like the music thrown at them. B. Because they can‘t escape the music.
C. He wants to show how easy they are to please.
D. Because they‘ve paid a special charge called a ?music toll‘.
22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.
A. it‘s usually very tasteful
B. it‘s chosen very carefully by the owner C. it tries to create a soothing atmosphere D. it doesn‘t aim to increase profits
23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoid?
A. Happy songs.
B. Certain instruments. C. Children‘s choirs. D. Any extremes.
24. From what the writer says, it‘s reasonably clear that he or she ____.
A. loves pop music
B. likes music in public places C. enjoys classical music
D. is keen on Christmas carols
25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.
A. join an ?air pollution action group‘ B. get rid of music just in restaurants
C. start a movement against ?canned music‘
D. make people listen to the piped music in public places Passage Two The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context. The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context. The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is ?inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development… (and) … national development as a whole is bound up with the world context‘. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development – it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively. Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate ?literacy environment‘. Who are the ?illiterates‘ and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, ?may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.‘ Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: ?Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.‘ An educational definition – i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered – is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation. Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a ?reading-level type‘; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.
26. Part of the teacher of reading‘s involvement in the development of a literate society is through ____.
A. ascertaining their society‘s literacy standard B. determining a level of literacy for their society C. deciding on a world standard of literacy D. achieving a desired role for teaching literacy
27. What problems are facing both developing and industrial nations?
A. How to achieve literacy in their own countries.
B. How the environment can be changed to suit the people.
C. What methods of producing social and economical development can be found. D. Which ways of encouraging literacy as part of national development are possible.
28. What importance do the voluntary non-government organizations have in literacy programmes?
A. They demonstrate how literacy changes society. B. They show that literacy is often imposed on people.
C. They present conditions in which people can become literate. D. They enable people to take part in international literacy schemes.
29. ?Illiterates‘ according to Hiollerich, are best defined as people who ____.
A. cannot read or write at all B. only have a primary education
C. read and write inadequately for their needs D. have no education at all
30. Why is a ?reading-level type‘ of assessment inadequate to define literacy?
A. It ignores other social factors in society.
B. Educational needs are not taken into account.
C. Individual involvement in society is not considered.
D. No account is taken of the importance of language in society. Passage Three ―In every known human society the male‘s needs for achievement can be recognized… In a great number of human societies men‘s sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.‖ This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished. If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women‘s pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world. There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men‘s status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel. Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities. Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people‘s sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.
31. The phrase ―men‘s sureness of their sex role‖ in the first paragraph suggests that they ____.
A. are confident in their ability to charm women B. take the initiative in courtship
C. have a clear idea of what is considered ―manly‖ D. tend to be more immoral than women are
32. The third paragraph does NOT claim that men ______.
A. prevent women from taking up certain professions B. secretly admire women‘s intellect and resolution
C. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business D. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies
33. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to ____.
A. show that men are stronger than women
B. carry further the ideas of the earlier paragraphs