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第 3 页，共 25 页 7． ______，bom in 1928, is all American linguist, educator, and political activist. He is the founder of transformational-generative grammar, a system that revolutionized modem linguistics.
【答案】Norman Chomsky
【解析】乔姆斯基，生于1928年，是美国著名的语言学家，教育家。他是转换生成语法的创始人。
8． Linguistics is usually defined as the_____ study of language.
【答案】scientific
【解析】语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究.。
9． _____ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
【答案】Sense
【解析】涵义是指语言形式的内在意义。
10．Semantics and_____ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.
【答案】pragmatics
【解析】语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。
11．According to G Leech,_____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to,over and above its purely conceptual content.
【答案】Connotative
【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。
三、Short-answer-questions
12．What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?
【答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants , a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined , fixed and unchanging , intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.
The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements : （1） the height of tongue raising （high , middle or low ） ;（2） the position of the highest part of the tongue （front , central , back ） ;（3）
the length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short ） ; （4） lip-rounding （rounded vs. unrounded ） . For example , [i :]: high , front , tense , unrounded vowel.
[u]: high , back , lax , rounded vowel.
13．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?
Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.
Mechanic: Fll be busy with this other car all day.
【答案】 In the motorist?s utterance ，there are two types of speech acts performed , namely representative and directive ，and as to the latter one , it is recognized as an indirect speech act , which is