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第 6 页，共 25 页 computational linguistics , psycholinguistics , applied linguistics , anthropological linguistics.
As to the applied linguistics , it is undeniable that linguistic research has greatly influenced the language teaching and learning. For example , various linguistic schools have shed insight into the methodology of language teaching , especially foreign language teaching. Those different models of language teaching are all aimed at a more successful and effective language teaching.
As is known , for a human being in the society , communication is very important. In the social communication , linguistic research also made some important interpretations and explanations. Such as Grice?s Cooperative Principle , Brown& Levinson?s face and politeness theory , etc , those theories have good inspirations as to how to create a successful communication , and how to avoid and deal with miscommunication
In a word , although without linguistic research society and economics could still develop in their own way , yet linguistics with its effort to explain what is the nature of the activities concerning language , and how these activities works , has undoubtedly made it easier for the social and economic development.
18．What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon.
甲：上车请买票。
乙：三张天安门。
甲：您拿好。
【答案】 This conversation consists of the linguistic phenomenon which is called the “Cooperative Principle”，proposed and formulated by P. Grice , based on such a pragmatic hypothesis that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate ; otherwise , it would not be possible to carry on talk. It goes as follows :
Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. To be more specific , there are four maxims under this general principle :
The maxim of quantity
a ）Make your contribution as informative as is required （for the current purpose of the exchange ）.
b ）Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
The maxim of quality
a ）Do not say what you believe to be false.
b ）Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The maxim of relation
Be relevant.
The maxim of manner
a ）Avoid obscurity of expression.
b ）Avoid ambiguity.
c ）Be brief （avoi
d unnecessary prolixity ） ?
d ）B
e orderly.
There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example , in this conversation , the speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like “ 三张天安门” in response to a question. Although it is typically “more informative