2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作?很可能?发生了 3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事?也许?发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。
4.ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句,表示不应完成但已做的动作
5.needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为?本没必要…?。
例如:You needn?t have waken me up; I don?t have to go
to work today.
注意:did not need to do 动作并没发生
例:I didn?t need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m. *特殊用法
(1) can?t表示“不可能”, may not 表示“不可以”, mustn?t(must not) 表示“不许可 禁止”,needn't (need not) 表示“不必”,dare not +动词原形 表示“不敢”
(2) must表推测 的否定现在式用can?t ,过去式用couldn?t (3)May I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don?t.或No, you mustn?t. 例如: “May we leave now?” “No, you mustn?t. You haven?t finished your home work yet.”
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(4) need I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn?t
(5)在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用
mustn?t,而要用needn?t或don?t have to (6)May/might as well may……but….(表转折) (7) I wish to go home with you, may I?
(8) Do help yourself to have fruit, won?t you/ will you? (表示一种委婉的请求) *情态动词短语的使用 would like to do… would rather do… would rather + 从句 would prefer to do... had better do...
*情态动词: will(愿意), shall(将), must(必须), can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to(过去常常), need(需要), dare(竟敢),have to(不得不) *dare, need 也可作一般(行为)动词 *情态动词一般用法的否定:
mustn?t 不准, 禁止,不要 can’t(couldn’t) 不会;不能;
may (might) not 不可以;
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needn?t 没必要 ( = don?t have to ) used not/usedn?t to或didn?t use to… 过去不… dare not 不敢 *情态动词推测用法
Must 一定,肯定 can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
Can/ could 可能 Can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
may/ might “可能,也许” May (might) not 也许不,可能不 *推断用法
should/ought to“按理应当,应该是; shouldn?t 不应该 ( = ought not to )
*情态动词+have +done结构表示对过去动作的推测 1. must have done:对过去的肯定推测,译作“一定做了?”,只能用于肯定句中。
其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t have done? It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy 2. can/ could have done:对过去的可能性推测,译作“可能做了?”。只能用疑问句中
Can/Could he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗? 3. may / might have v-ed:对过去的可能性推测,译作“也许能,
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有可能。
It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed. *情态动词+have+过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔 肯定:过去应该做而没有做; 否定:过去不该(不必)做而做了。
⑴ might/could+have+过去分词:“本来可以,早就应该”
(只用于肯定句,且不能用may, can)
You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告
诉我你会晚到的!
⑵ should(ought to)+have+过去分词:“本应”(没做)
should not(ought not to)+have+过去分词:“本不该”(做了)
You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。
You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。 3. needn't+have+过去分词:“本不必,本不须”(need只用于否
定句)(做了) You needn't have woken her up. It's only six.你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。
注意:did not need to do 动作并没发生(没做)
例:I didn?t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m. *八大注意点
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1.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时,回答应相应使用can, may
— Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________. A. may B. must C. might D. can 2. May I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don?t.或No, you mustn?t. 例如: “May we leave now?” “No, you mustn?t. You haven?t finished your home work yet.”
3. need I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn?t
4. 在回答must引起的问题时,肯定must; 如果是否定的答复,
不能用mustn?t,而要用needn?t或don?t have to 5. I wish to go home with you, may I?
6. Do help yourself to have fruit, won?t you/ will you? (表示一种委婉的请求)
7.Shall 用于第三人称,表示许可,允许
8. let?s do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you? 9. should 也表示惊讶的语气,
例如:I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说那样的话,…) *四大特殊结构
1.may/ might as well + 动词原形”意为“最好,满可以,倒不如”,
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