She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea. 她热情地将客人们迎了进来，然后给他们各端上一杯茶。
４）增补表达词
Fortune knocks at every man?s door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.
每一个人的一生中，幸运女神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。
French managers are Napoleonic and their management style is imperial. 法国经理人是拿破仑式（内松外紧）的人物，有着帝王般的管理风格。
Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby. 身材修长的模特袅袅婷婷地从厅中走过。
具体译法
所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或句子用具体或比较具体的单词、词组、成语或句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。 A词缀法
-tion 作用；过程
We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
erosion of steel 钢的腐蚀（作用）
Many changes take place during the transformation. 在转化过程中出现了许多变化。
During transportation, the driver should be careful. 在驾驶过程中，司机要小心。
-ing 做法；行为
All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding. 大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
-ness 状态；气质；心情
We were all greatly moved by his loftiness. 我们都被他那种崇高气质所深深打动。
humbleness 谦虚作风
We all look down upon his humbleness. 我们都看不起他这种贱相（卑微的态度）。
We have to do our utmost to ameliorate the backwardness of our nation. 我们必须全力以赴改变国家的落后面貌。
John?s lightheartedness, however, did not last long. 然而，约翰这种轻松愉悦的心情没有持续很久。
-ity 性；与-able和-tive相关 reasonability 合理性 sensibility 合理性 sensitivity 敏感性 creativity 创造性 originality 创造性 ingenuity 创造性 readability 可读性
flexibility 柔韧性、可塑性、灵活性、延展性
B集合名词法 family 家庭
家庭成员
team, group, family, class, committee, community, city, country, world
Our team is playing well. 今天我们对整体发挥的不错（隐含之意；对部分队员不满）
Our team are playing well. 我们球队每个人都打疯了（隐含之意；对每个队员都非常满意）
C比喻法
very timid 非常胆小very strong 非常强壮
D成语法
a great and through-going change 巨大而彻底的变化very anxious to return home 回家心切
翻天覆地的变化
胆小如鼠 壮得像头牛
归心似箭
５）增补重复词（连词、承上启下的词、概括词） We have discussed our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们已经讨论了安全规则和卫生规则。
We left so much in Vietnam——so much innocence, so many dreams, so many good men and women. 我们在越南失去的东西太多了——失去许许多多无辜的生命，失去许许多多美梦，失去许许多多善良的男男女女。
He had become a master of evasion: his main response to criticism is to threaten, filibuster and delay. 他已是个回避问题的老手：其回应批评的主要方法是一威胁、二阻挠、三拖延。
Mary was ready to go, but first she wanted her book to be in print. 玛丽准备走了，但先要目睹她那本书出版后才瞑目。
3.4减词 (Omission)
减词是指将原文中需要而译文中又不需要的词语省去。 从语法角度进行减省 冠词 连词 介词 代词
As a frequent moviegoer, I am keeping abreast of the latest development of Hollywood movies. 我是电影院里的常客，通晓好莱坞电影最新动态。
We can not discover any material in an element but itself. 在一个元素里，除元素本身外，不可能再发现其他物质。
I framed the words in my mind, “Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?” 我心里在嘀咕：“对不起，我做了什么事冒犯了您？”
As it is late, let us go to bed.不早了，睡吧
代词省略——抽象代词、泛指代词 1） 有些做宾语的代词
I am going to have it. 我想去吃 2） 泛指的英语人称代词做主语 3） 指代抽象名词的代词
Ford?s basic wage of $5 a day caused not only a wage explosion in the city, it also caused a population explosion. 4） 物主代词
5） 形式主语和形式宾语it
从修饰角度进行减省
The hardest part of any big project is to begin. 任何一个大项目最艰难的是起步。
There are plenty of opportunities to attend community events and volunteer your services. 参与社区活动以及提供志愿服务的机会多得很。
The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach. 车辆的代用燃料是我们将要着手处理的一个问题。
To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder. 学习不容易，应用更不容易。
In mid-1977, world sea-going tonnage amounted to 338.5 million grt which reflects a rise of 5.8% in grt over mid-1976, compared with a corresponding increase of 9% from mid-1975 to mid-1976.
1977年年中，世界远洋船吨位共达 3.385 亿注册总吨，比 1976 年年中注册总吨增加了 5.8% ，而 1976 年年中比 1975 年年中注册总吨增加了 9% 。
3.5转换 (Shift of perspective)
大体可分为 7 种：①词类转换（转性）；②句子成分转换；③表达方式转换；④自然语序和倒装语序转换；⑤正面表达与反面表达转换；⑥主动语态与被动语态转换；⑦分句转换。 一、词类转换 1. 名词到动词
1）表示心理状态和观点表达的名词。
My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。
opinion thought objection refusal declaration declination proposal suggestion hope wish dream dread afraid worry
2)“七感”以及衍生名词
For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land. 数百万移民一踏上这块希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。 sight hearing touch smelling taste feeling
hunch/intuition
spectator audience
Large numbers enjoy the spectator sports. 许多人喜欢观看比赛。
3) 加er或or结尾的动词派生词，不表示身份或职业，而有较强的动作意味。
a fast runner跑得很快, a smart learner学得很快
a good liar你真会说谎 a bad kisser你吻技真差
You are such a loser! 你真逊！
4) 四大基本趋势以及任何表示动态变化的名词 increase decrease stabilization fluctuation
The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years. 在过去的 20 年当中，美国航空业迅猛发展。
extension concentration dilution growth boom prosperity
2. 介词到动词
1) off 脱离；离开；出去；走了
2）beyond 超过
The book is beyond my understanding. 我根本读不懂这本书。
The classroom is beyond its maximum seating capacity. 这个教室坐不下那么多人。
Beyond paradise
3) above / below超过/ 低于 It?s below the average level.
4) with /without 具有；拥有/缺乏；没有
5）from/to 包括；如
the developing countries from China to Brazil 包括中国、巴西在内的发展中国家 如中国、巴西的发展中国家
from
derive from 来源于 free from脱离 to
gift to you赠与；给