6）over 战胜
The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil.
正义战胜了专断行为，理智战胜了堕落和盲目，民主战胜了帝国主义，善战胜了恶。
7) under 客观的具有； under the policy
under the assumption
中国政府无义务承诺
The Chinese government is under no obligation to
8）during 赶上
During the 10th anniversary of our corporation?s founding, I?d like to have 35% off the original price. 3. 形容词和副词互转
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. 我国政府十分关心海外侨胞。
4. 动词到名词
Our proposal was warmly welcomed by all the representatives. 我们的提议得到了全体代表的热烈欢迎。
The girl impressed her relatives? favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor. 这个女孩以她的活泼和幽默感给她亲戚们留下了极好的印象。
The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上周日，来访客和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。
二、句子成分转换
句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分已成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。 １、主语和宾语转换
有灵动词：有生命的主语接 无灵动词：无生命的主语接
American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson. 托马斯·杰斐逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。
Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她虽没有完全失去镇静，可是却又找不出话可说。
Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next day. 他于 9 月 3 日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下了安特卫普。
２、定语和宾语转换
Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.
自建国以来，每一代美国人都被要求宣誓效忠于祖国。
3、定语和状语转换
He will give an immediate reply. 他会立即答复。
三、表达方式转换
score, dozen, decade, quarter
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.87年
She will be back in the last ten days of June.六月下旬
During the first part of his life, Watt studied weather and storm.年轻时
His father is in his sixties.年逾花甲
She has been a widow only for six months.他丈夫死了不到半年。
Our men?s wear 25% discount.七五折
You are quite a stranger here. 这里的人不认识你
There used to be a river here two centuries back of this. 两个世纪以前
I’m low IQ, you know. 我很笨； low EQ(吃不开)；low AQ(沉不住气)
There is always a place for you at your table. 请你随时来吃便饭。
四、正面表达与反面表达转换——正反译法
有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中却习惯从反面来表达，而有些从反面表达的东西在汉语中却习惯从正面来表达。这就是我们通常所说的“正反译法”。 ? 英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达 frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱
duty-free zone 免税区
carefree 无忧无虑的
Wet paint! 油漆未干！
Stop talking nonsense! 别胡扯了！
He yelled “Freeze!”
他大喝一声：“不许动！”
Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草坪！
I failed to understand your meaning. 我弄不懂你的意思。
The coffee is too sweet to bear. 咖啡甜得让人受不了。
Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you? 你想知道她为什么不想见到你？
Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿意见到她那张面无表情的脸。
A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards. 行为不检点的人，日后往往要后悔。
The naughty boy is far from honest and his excuse is pretty thin. 这个调皮的男孩很不老实，他的借口一点也站不住脚。
You have roused my curiosity. And now you must gratify it. 你现在已经激起我的好奇心了，那现在你别在卖关子了。
Appearances are often deceptive. 外表往往是靠不住的。
At the news of his father?s death, he remained quiet for several days. 一听到他父亲的死讯，他好几天一言不发。
? 英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达
I adhered to all the courtesies I had been taught. This frustrated my son to no end. 我遵从所有我学过的礼貌和规矩，这使我儿子大为失望。
You can’t be too careful. 你越仔细越好。
We could not be more mistaken. 我们大错特错。
The United Nations Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. 到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
For three weeks I held both jobs, working from eight in the morning until midnight. Never in my life have I been happier.
三周来我身兼两职，每天从早上八点一直工作到午夜。我的一生中以那段时光最为快乐。
五、被动语态与主动语态转换（转态译法） 1、被动到主动 1） 多种被动词
“受??”、“遭??”、“由??”、“给??”、“为??所??”、“予以??”、“加以??” He was released immediately after Oct 7. 一过十月七号，他获释了。
He was described as impressed by Deng?s flexibility. 据说他为邓（小平）的灵活态度所感动
2） 省略被动词（同时可以作及物、不及物的词）
The risk of global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced. 全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小了。
（注意：在此been可以删除，四大趋势的词都可同样使用）
Over 700 of the world?s finest footballers were gathered in Japan and South Korea for the 17th World Cup tournament. 700多名世界顶尖足球运动员聚集在日本和韩国参加第17届世界杯比赛。
3） 主被交换
a) 主语+谓语+状语 结构的被动句，结构调整为：状语+谓语+宾语（原主语）， Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI. 一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。
b) 主语（受动者）+谓语+（by）施动者 结构的被动句, 处理为施动者+谓语+受动者的主动结构 The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults. 年轻人推动了移动电话市场的繁荣。
4） 形式主语法 “据??”
It is said that… 据说?? It is reported that… 据报道?? It is calculated that… 据统计??
不定代词
“有人”、“大家”、“人们”
It is believed that… 有人（我们、人们）相信（认为）?? It is generally considered that… 大家认为?? It is well-known… 众所周知?? It is rarely known… 鲜为人知??
2、主动到被动
1) 马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。
The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.
2) 我也佩服你的见解。
I was also struck by your suggestions.
3) 全国人民所渴望的政治协商会议现在开幕了。
The Political Consultative Conference so eagerly awaited by the whole nation is herewith inaugurated.
4) 全国同胞们，中华人民共和国现已宣告成立。
Fellow-countrymen, the founding of the People?s Republic of China is proclaimed.
3.6归化 (Adaptation)
由于文化上的差异，英译汉时有时直译原文就会使译入语读者感到费解，甚至误解。这时，就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法对原文加以归化。 常用于翻译成语、典故、形象词等文化色彩较浓的表达方式 1) have a wolf by the ears 2) to be cut at elbows 3) at sword?s points
骑虎难下 捉襟见肘 强烈分歧
欲加之罪，何患无词
4) Give a dog an ill name and hang him. 5) A little pot is soon hot
量小易怒
6) I don?t understand how he can think she is good-looking, but beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
我不知道他怎么会认为她好看呢，但是情人眼里出西施。
7) He may always possess merits which make up for everything; if he loses on the swings, he may win on the
roundabouts.
他也许总是保持着弥补一切的优点，失之东隅的，他可以收之桑榆。
8) It was a case of diamond cut diamond. They thought they were going to beat Barcelona. In fact they lost the game
0:3.
强中自有强中手，他们以为可以痛宰巴塞罗那，事实上他们0：3惨败。
9) All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day they?ll come out on top.
你只有破釜沉舟跟他们拚，或许有朝一日会出头的。
10) The students must be enjoying the speech, because they?re laughing their heads off.
学生们笑得前仰后合，他们一定是很欣赏这个演讲。
3.7切分 (Division)
所谓切分就是指根据汉语的句法特点，把英语的句子分解成两个或两个以上的单位，以求译文在正确传达原文的思想内容的前提上明白晓畅。
? 单词分译
单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词分译成一个句子。 目的：1、句法上的需要 2、修辞上的需要
1) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。
2) The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants. 每个帐篷内怎么布置，这就要看各个使用者的性格了。