3) Aunt Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.
朱莉亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么，却没有问出个所以然来。
4) The American commander, Admiral Nimitz, was understandably reluctant to join the battle. 美军司令上将尼米兹怠于出战，这是可以理解的。
? 短语分译
短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。
1) The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and
permanent effect.
直接赠与的意向必须明白无误，转让行为必须立即产生效力，且该效力应具有永久性。
2) Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 hundred years old.
这座桥是1192年修建的，至今已经有700多年的历史了。
3) Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of
ethnic restaurants.
离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆，热闹得如同第二个唐人街。
? 句子分译
句子分译可以分为简单句的分译，并列复合句的分译，主从复合句的分译以及长句的分译。 1) His wealth enables him to do everything.
他有钱，什么事都能干。
2) His contemptuous attitude towards us is contemptible.
他以藐视的态度对待我们，这种态度是可鄙的。
3.8合并 (Combination)
主要是中译英
First Enron was a company. Then it was a scandal. Now it is a transitive verb.
“安然”起初是一家公司的名字，然后成了一桩丑闻的代名词，现在又用作一个及物动词。
第四章 汉译英翻译重点
英、汉当中语言的类型特点：
1、汉语：语意性语言，力求考究字与语意及其相关关系，注意内容的意会性，其句法特点是：主语可以由不同类别的词语担当，主语隐含、不显或无主语的情况时常可见，谓语成分比较复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化，句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词，汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定式可依。
2、英语：语法性语言，重点研究主谓、序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式严谨，其句法特征是：主语突出，易于识别，只能由名词或名词性的词语担当，谓语绝对受主语支配，在人称和数上面必须与主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化，句与句之间都与明示逻辑关系的连接词相连，英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。英语是主语显著语，英语构建在主谓轴上，确定主谓语是成功构句、保证译文与原文功能相似、语意相符的关键。
4.1主语的确定
原文主语作主语：场合有限 重新确定主语 （比较翻译）
1) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a) The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena. b) At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China. China has witnessed tremendous changes.
2) 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。
a. China?s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.
b. In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.
3) 胎又瘪了。
a. We?ve got another flat tire. b. Our tire is flat again.
4) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. b. We can?t judge people from their appearance, just as we can?t measure the ocean by pints.
增补主语 1、 推敲语境
2、 考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要
沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。
Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
起大风了。
It?s blowing hard.
用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。
You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals.
1) 中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪的驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。
a. The ship of China?s socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of
modernization.
b. China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the
glorious destination of modernization.
2) 我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友，而且成为兄弟。
a. The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers. b. Our relations have so grown that bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.
3) 他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。
a. His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.
b. He was very outspoken and always ready to make friends with anyone, so he won their trust.
4) 中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。
a. A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.
b. The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.
5) 轻纺工业产品的花色品种增多，质量继续有所提高。
a. The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to
improve.
b. Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and richer variety.
6) 楼的质量不好。
a. The building is not well built.
b. The quality of the building is poor.
天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.
真是太荒谬了。 It?s utterly absurd.
只有冷静才能成功。
Success depends on calm minds.
端午节吃粽子。
On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat zongzi.
上海近几年发生的巨大变化赢得了全世界人民的赞叹。
That Shanghai has changed greatly in recent years has won admiration from people all over the world.
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要
1) 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
2) 中国的经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy.
3) 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。
a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about it.
4) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
a. The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. b. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
5) 在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。
a. When they talk to press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.
b. You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.
6) 我又闲了一个多月了啦！
a. I’ve been idle for another month now.
b. Another month now and I’ve had no work. 7) （颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏。
a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
8) 她们逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。
a. They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
9) 封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义代替封建主义，社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。
Feudal society replaced slavery society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supercede capitalism.
10) （一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化??）第一次是辛亥革命，??第二
次是中华人民共和国的成立，??第三次是改革开放??
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911…The second change was marked by the founding of the People?s Republic of China…The third change was featured by the reform, opening-up policy…
谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要
1) 农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。
a. If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel
secure.
b. If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel
secure.
2) 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。
a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban
inhabitants.
b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是源自明朝的故事。
The White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking operas, is based on a story handed down from the Ming Dynasty.
意大利著名旅游家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己是在天堂。”
The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradise.”
英雄造时势，时势造英雄。
Heroes create the times, the times produce their heroes.
一踏进门槛，屋子里的混乱景象使我吃了一惊。
Crossing the threshold, I was taken aback by the mess in the house.
四川被称为“天府之国”。
Sichuan is noted as the “Land of Abundance”.
4.3 语序的调整
英、汉相同点：“主语＋谓语＋宾语”（ＳＶＯ）或“施事＋行为＋受事”为基本语序
英、汉相异点：句内的语序的灵活性，以及定语、状语等次要成分位置的差异，汉译英需要调整语序
句内主要成分位置的调整 沙发上坐着一个人。
A man was sitting on a couch.
马可·波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。
The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.
状语位置的调整
汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，呈“主语→状语→谓语→宾语”模式；英语状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾，呈“主语→谓语→宾语→状语”模式。 1) 我们明天上午九时动身。
We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.
2) 这本书是三天前买的。
The book was bought three days ago.
3) 他每晚都要看电视。
He watches TV every evening.
4) 在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。
In a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.
5) 他们很细心地观察化学变化。
They observed the chemical reaction with great care. They observed with great care the chemical reaction.
6) 他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。
They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda. Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda. Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.