(4)To propose to call interim shareholders’ meetings, to call and preside over shareholders’ meetings when the board of directors does not exercise the function of calling and presiding over shareholders’ meetings as prescribed in this Law; (5)To put forward proposals at shareholders’ meetings;
(6)To initiate actions against directors or senior managers according to Article 152 of this Law; and
(7)Other duties as provided for by the bylaw.
的利益时，要求董事、高级管理人员予以纠正； （四）提议召开临时股东会会议，在董事会不履行本法规定的召集和主持股东会会议职责时召集和主持股东会会议；
（五）向股东会会议提出提案；
（六）依照本法第一百五十二条的规定，对董事、高级管理人员提起诉讼；
（七）公司章程规定的其他职权。
Article 55 The supervisors may attend the meetings of the board of directors as non-voting attendees, and may raise questions or suggestions about the meeting agenda discussed by the board of directors.
If the board of supervisors or the supervisors of the company that does not have a board of supervisors find that the company is running abnormally, they may conduct an investigation. Where necessary, they may hire an accounting firm to help them with the investigation and the related expenses shall be born by the company.
Article 56 The board of supervisors shall hold meetings at least once a year. Any supervisors may propose to hold interim meetings of the board of supervisors.
The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be specified in the bylaw unless it is otherwise provided by this Law.
A resolution of the board of supervisors shall be approved by more than half of the supervisors. The board of supervisors shall scribe the minutes for the resolutions about the agenda and have the minutes signed by the supervisors in presence.
第五十五条 【监事的质询建议权与调查权】监事可以列席董事会会议，并对董事会决议事项提出质询或者建议。
监事会、不设监事会的公司的监事发现公司经营情况异常，可以进行调查；必要时，可以聘请会计师事务所等协助其工作，费用由公司承担。
第五十六条 【监事会会议】监事会每年度至少召开一次会议，监事可以提议召开临时监事会会议。
监事会的议事方式和表决程序，除本法有规定的外，由公司章程规定。
监事会决议应当经半数以上监事通过。 监事会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的监事应当在会议记录上签名。
Article 57 The expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a company that does not have a board of supervisors to perform their duties shall be borne by the company.
Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies
第五十七条 【监事行使职权的费用承担】监事会、不设监事会的公司的监事行使职权所必需的费用，由公司承担。
第三节 一人有限责任公司的特别规定
Article 58 The provisions of this Section shall apply to the establishment and the organizational structure of a one-person limited liability. For any matter not touched by this Section, it shall be governed by Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
The term \liability company with only one natural person shareholder or legal person shareholder.
第五十八条 【一人有限责任公司的定义、设立、组织机构】一人有限责任公司的设立和组织机构，适用本节规定；本节没有规定的，适用本章第一节、第二节的规定。
本法所称一人有限责任公司，是指只有一个自然人股东或者一个法人股东的有限责任公司。
Article 59 The minimum amount of registered capital of a one-person limited liability company shall be RMB 100, 000 yuan. The shareholder shall, in a lump sum, pay the capital contributions as specified in the bylaw.
One natural person is allowed to establish merely an one-person limited liability company, which shall not establish any more one-person limited liability company.
第五十九条 【一人有限责任公司的投资限制与注册资本最低限额】一人有限责任公司的注册资本最低限额为人民币十万元。股东应当一次足额缴纳公司章程规定的出资额。
一个自然人只能投资设立一个一人有限责任公司。该一人有限责任公司不能投资设立新的一人有限责任公司。
Article 60 An one-person limited liability company shall, in the company registration, give a clear indication that it is solely-funded by one natural person or legal person and the same shall be specified in the business license of the company.
第六十条 【公司登记与营业执照中的投资者身份注明】一人有限责任公司应当在公司登记中注明自然人独资或者法人独资，并在公司营业执照中载明。
Article 61 The bylaw of an one-person limited liability company shall be formulated by the shareholder.
第六十一条 【一人有限责任公司的章程】一人有限责任公司章程由股东制定。
Article 62 An one-person limited liability company has no board of directors. When the shareholder make a decision on any of the matters as listed in Article 38 of this Law, he shall make it in writing, sign it, and keep it in the company.
第六十二条 【股东决定重大事项的书面形式要求】一人有限责任公司不设股东会。股东作出本法第三十八条第一款所列决定时，应当采用书面形式，并由股东签名后置备于公司。
Article 63 An one-person limited liability company shall make a financial report by the end of every fiscal year and have the report audited by an accounting firm.
第六十三条 【年度审计】一人有限责任公司应当在每一会计年度终了时编制财务会计报告，并经会计师事务所审计。
Article 64 If the shareholder of a one-person limited liability company is unable to prove that the property of the one-person limited liability company is independent from his own property, he shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the company.
第六十四条 【股东对公司债务的连带责任】一人有限责任公司的股东不能证明公司财产独立于股东自己的财产的，应当对公司债务承担连带责任。
Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned Companies
第四节 国有独资公司的特别规定
Article 65 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to the establishment and organizational structure of the wholly state-owned companies. Any matter not covered by this Chapter shall be governed by the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
A \invested wholly by the state, for which the State Council or the local people’s government authorizes the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution of the people’s government at the same level to perform the functions of the capital contributor.
Article 66 The bylaw of a wholly state-owned company shall be formulated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, or shall be drafted by the board of directors and then be submitted to the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution for approval.
Article 67 Wholly state-owned companies do not have shareholders’ meetings. The state-owned assets supervision and administration institution shall exercise the functions of the shareholders’ meeting. The state-owned assets supervision and administration institution may authorize the company’s board of directors to exercise some of the functions of the
shareholders’ meeting and decide on the important matters of the company, excluding those that must be decided by the state-owned assets supervision and administration, such as merger, split-up, dissolution of the company, increase or reduction of registered capital as well as the issuance of corporate bonds. For the merger, split-up, dissolution or application for bankruptcy of an important wholly state-owned company, it shall, be subject to the examination of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, and then be submitted to the people’s government at the same level for approval.
The term \shall be determined according to the provisions of the State Council.
Article 68 A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors, which shall exercise its functions according to Articles 47 and 67 of this Law. Each term of office of the directors shall not exceed 3 years. The board of directors shall include representatives of the employees. The members of the board of directors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, but of whom the representatives of the employees shall be elected through the assembly of the representatives of the employees of the company. The board of directors shall have one chairman and may have deputy chairmen. The chairman and deputy chairmen shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of directors.
第六十五条 【国有独资公司的定义】国有独资公司的设立和组织机构，适用本节规定；本节没有规定的，适用本章第一节、第二节的规定。 本法所称国有独资公司，是指国家单独出资、由国务院或者地方人民政府授权本级人民政府国有资产监督管理机构履行出资人职责的有限责任公司。
第六十六条 【国有独资公司章程的制定或批准】国有独资公司章程由国有资产监督管理机构制定，或者由董事会制订报国有资产监督管理机构批准。
第六十七条 【国有独资公司重大事项的决定】国有独资公司不设股东会，由国有资产监督管理机构行使股东会职权。国有资产监督管理机构可以授权公司董事会行使股东会的部分职权，决定公司的重大事项，但公司的合并、分立、解散、增加或者减少注册资本和发行公司债券，必须由国有资产监督管理机构决定；其中，重要的国有独资公司合并、分立、解散、申请破产的，应当由国有资产监督管理机构审核后，报本级人民政府批准。 前款所称重要的国有独资公司，按照国务院的规定确定。
第六十八条 【国有独资公司的董事会】国有独资公司设董事会，依照本法第四十七条、第六十七条的规定行使职权。董事每届任期不得超过三年。董事会成员中应当有公司职工代表。 董事会成员由国有资产监督管理机构委派；但是，董事会成员中的职工代表由公司职工代表大会选举产生。
董事会设董事长一人，可以设副董事长。董事长、副董事长由国有资产监督管理机构从董事会成员中指定。
Article 69 A wholly state-owned company shall have a manager, whom shall be hired or dismissed by the board of directors. The manager shall exercise his powers according to Article 50 of this Law. Upon consent of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, the members of the board of directors may concurrently hold the post of manager.
第六十九条 【国有独资公司经理】国有独资公司设经理，由董事会聘任或者解聘。经理依照本法第五十条规定行使职权。
经国有资产监督管理机构同意，董事会成员可以兼任经理。
Article 70 None of the chairman, deputy chairmen, directors and senior managers of a wholly state-owned company may concurrently take up a post in any other limited liability company, joint stock limited company or any other economic organization unless it is so consented by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution.
Article 71 The board supervisors of a wholly state-owned company shall be composed of at least 5 members, of whom the employees’ representatives shall account for no less than 1/3, the specific percentage shall be specified by the bylaw.
The members of the board of supervisors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, however, the employee representative members of the board of supervisors shall be elected by the assembly of the employee representatives of the company. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of supervisors. The board of supervisions shall exercise the functions as mentioned in Article 54 (1) through (3) of this Law and those provided for by the State Council. Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited Liability Company
第七十条 【高级职员的兼职禁止】国有独资公司的董事长、副董事长、董事、高级管理人员，未经国有资产监督管理机构同意，不得在其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他经济组织兼职。 第七十一条 【国有独资公司的监督管理】国有独资公司监事会成员不得少于五人，其中职工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具体比例由公司章程规定。
监事会成员由国有资产监督管理机构委派；但是，监事会成员中的职工代表由公司职工代表大会选举产生。监事会主席由国有资产监督管理机构从监事会成员中指定。
监事会行使本法第五十四条第（一）项至第（三）项规定的职权和国务院规定的其他职权。
第三章 有限责任公司的股权转让
Article 72 All or some of the stock rights of the shareholders of a limited liability company may be transferred among the shareholders.
Where a shareholder intends to transfer his/its stock rights to any one other than the shareholders, he shall obtain the consent from more than half of the other shareholders. The shareholder shall give the other shareholders a written notice about the matters related to the transfer of stock rights for their consent. If any of the other shareholders fails to give it a reply within 30 days after it receives a written notice, it shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If half or more of the other shareholders disagree to the transfer, the shareholders who disagree to the transfer shall purchase the stock rights to be transferred. If they refuse to purchase these stock rights, they shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. Under the same conditions, the other shareholders have a preemptive right to purchase the stock rights to be transferred upon their consent. If two or more shareholders claim the preemptive right, they shall determine their respective purchase percentage through negotiation. If they fail to reach an agreement during the negotiation, they shall exercise the preemptive right on the basis of their respective percentage of capital contributions.
Unless it is otherwise provided for the transfer of stock rights in the bylaw, the bylaw shall be followed.
Article 73 When the people’s court transfers the stock rights of a shareholder pursuant to the mandatory enforcement procedure as provided in laws, the court shall notify the company and all the shareholders that the other shareholders have a preemptive right under the same conditions. If any of the other shareholders fails to exercise the preemptive right within 20 days after he/it receives the notice of the court, it shall be deemed to have waived his preemptive right.
Article 74 After a company transfers its stock rights according to Articles 72 and 73 of this Law, it shall cancel the capital contribution certificate of the former shareholder, issue a capital contribution certificate to the new shareholder and modify the shareholders and their capital contributions in the bylaw and the registry of shareholders. No voting of the shareholders’ meeting is needed for the modification of the bylaw regarding the transfer of stock rights.
第七十二条 【股权转让的一般规定】有限责任公司的股东之间可以相互转让其全部或者部分股权。
股东向股东以外的人转让股权，应当经其他股东过半数同意。股东应就其股权转让事项书面通知其他股东征求同意，其他股东自接到书面通知之日起满三十日未答复的，视为同意转让。其他股东半数以上不同意转让的，不同意的股东应当购买该转让的股权；不购买的，视为同意转让。
经股东同意转让的股权，在同等条件下，其他股东有优先购买权。两个以上股东主张行使优先购买权的，协商确定各自的购买比例；协商不成的，按照转让时各自的出资比例行使优先购买权。 公司章程对股权转让另有规定的，从其规定。
第七十三条 【强制执行程序下的股权转让】人民法院依照法律规定的强制执行程序转让股东的股权时，应当通知公司及全体股东，其他股东在同等条件下有优先购买权。其他股东自人民法院通知之日起满二十日不行使优先购买权的，视为放弃优先购买权。
第七十四条 【股权转让对出资证明书、公司章程和股东名册的影响】依照本法第七十二条、第七十三条转让股权后，公司应当注销原股东的出资证明书，向新股东签发出资证明书，并相应修改公司章程和股东名册中有关股东及其出资额的记载。
对公司章程的该项修改不需再由股东会表决。
Article 75 Under any of the following circumstances, a shareholder, who votes against the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, may request the company to purchase its stock rights at a reasonable price:
(1)The company that has made profits for five consecutive years has failed to distribute any dividends to the shareholders for 5 consecutive years and conforms to the profit distribution conditions as prescribed in this Law;
(2)The company is going to merge with others, to be split up, or transfer the major properties of the company to others;
(3)When the business term as specified in the bylaw expires or other reasons for dissolution as prescribed in the bylaw occur, the shareholders’ meeting makes the company exist continuously by adopting a resolution to modify the bylaw.
Within 60 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting, if the shareholder and the company fails to reach an agreement on the purchase of stock rights, the shareholder may initiate a lawsuit in the people’s court within 90 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting.
Article 76 After the death of a natural-person shareholder, his lawful inheritor may inherit the shareholder’s qualifications unless it is otherwise provided for by the bylaw.
第七十五条 【异议股东请求公司收购股权的情形】有下列情形之一的，对股东会该项决议投反对票的股东可以请求公司按照合理的价格收购其股权：
（一）公司连续五年不向股东分配利润，而公司该五年连续盈利，并且符合本法规定的分配利润条件的；
（二）公司合并、分立、转让主要财产的； （三）公司章程规定的营业期限届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现，股东会会议通过决议修改章程使公司存续的。
自股东会会议决议通过之日起六十日内，股东与公司不能达成股权收购协议的，股东可以自股东会会议决议通过之日起九十日内向人民法院提起诉讼。
第七十六条 【股东资格的继承】自然人股东死亡后，其合法继承人可以继承股东资格；但是，公司章程另有规定的除外。
Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational structure of A Joint Stock Limited Company
第四章 股份有限公司的设立和组织机构
Section 1 Establishment
第一节 设立
Article 77 The establishment of a joint stock limited company shall satisfy the following conditions:
(1)The number of promoters meets the quorum requirement;
(2)The capital stock subscribed to by the promoters and raised by stock floatation reaches the minimum amount of the statutory capital;
(3)The issuance of shares and the preparatory work conform to the provisions of laws;
(4)The bylaw is formulated by the promoters, and is adopted at the establishment meeting if the company is to be launched by stock floatation;
(5)The company has a name and its organizational structure complies with that of a joint stock limited company
(6)The company has a domicile.
Article 78 A joint stock limited company may be established by the way of promotion or stock floatation.
The establishment of a company by promotion means that the promoters establish a company by subscribing to all of the shares that should be issued by the company.
The establishment of a company by stock floatation means that the promoters establish a company by subscribing to some of the shares that should be issued by the company and offering the remaining shares to the general public or to a group of specified people for subscription.
Article 79 To establish a joint stock limited company, there shall not be less than 2 but not more than 200 promoters, of whom half or more shall have a domicile within the territory of China.
第七十七条 【设立条件】设立股份有限公司，应当具备下列条件：
（一）发起人符合法定人数；
（二）发起人认购和募集的股本达到法定资本最低限额；
（三）股份发行、筹办事项符合法律规定； （四）发起人制订公司章程，采用募集方式设立的经创立大会通过；
（五）有公司名称，建立符合股份有限公司要求的组织机构；
（六）有公司住所。
第七十八条 【设立方式】股份有限公司的设立，可以采取发起设立或者募集设立的方式。 发起设立，是指由发起人认购公司应发行的全部股份而设立公司。
募集设立，是指由发起人认购公司应发行股份的一部分，其余股份向社会公开募集或者向特定对象募集而设立公司。
第七十九条 【设立发起人的限制】设立股份有限公司，应当有二人以上二百人以下为发起人，其中须有半数以上的发起人在中国境内有住所。
Article 80 The promoters of a joint stock limited company shall undertake the preparatory work of the company.
They shall conclude a promoter’s agreement to clarify their respective rights and obligations
第八十条 【发起人筹办公司的义务】股份有限公司发起人承担公司筹办事务。
发起人应当签订发起人协议，明确各自在公司
during the course of establishing the company. 设立过程中的权利和义务。
Article 81 Where a joint stock limited company is established by promotion, its registered capital shall be the total capital stocks subscribed by all the promoters with the company registration authority. The minimum amount of initial capital contributions to be made by all promoters shall be not less than 20% of the total registered capital, the remaining amount shall be paid by the promoters within 2 years from the day when the company is established, while for an investment company, the remaining amount may be paid within 5 years. Before the registered capital is paid, no stock may be offered to others for subscription.
Where a joint stock limited company is established by stock floatation, its registered capital shall be the total actually paid capital stocks registered with the company registration authority. The minimum amount of the registered capital of a joint stock limited company shall be RMB 5 million yuan. If any law or administrative regulation provides a relatively higher minimum amount of registered capital, such provision shall be followed.
Article 82 The bylaw of a joint stock limited company shall specify the following matters: (1)The name and address of the company; (2)The business scope of the company; (3)The form of company establishment;
(4)Total shares, par value of each share, and the amount of registered capital of the company; (5)The name of each promoter, the shares it has subscribed to, as well as the form and date of capital contributions;
(6)The composition, powers, term of office, and rules of procedure of the board of directors; (7)The legal representative of the company;
(8)The composition, powers, term of office, and rules of procedure of the supervisory board; (9)The method for profit distribution of the company;
(10)The reasons for dissolution of the company and liquidation methods;
(11)The methods for issuing notices or public announcements of the company; and (12)Other matters deemed necessary by the meetings of shareholders’ assembly.
第八十一条 【注册资本与发起人的出资限额】股份有限公司采取发起设立方式设立的，注册资本为在公司登记机关登记的全体发起人认购的股本总额。公司全体发起人的首次出资额不得低于注册资本的百分之二十，其余部分由发起人自公司成立之日起两年内缴足；其中，投资公司可以在五年内缴足。在缴足前，不得向他人募集股份。 股份有限公司采取募集方式设立的，注册资本为在公司登记机关登记的实收股本总额。 股份有限公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币五百万元。法律、行政法规对股份有限公司注册资本的最低限额有较高规定的，从其规定。 第八十二条 【股份有限公司章程的法定事项】股份有限公司章程应当载明下列事项： （一）公司名称和住所； （二）公司经营范围； （三）公司设立方式；
（四）公司股份总数、每股金额和注册资本； （五）发起人的姓名或者名称、认购的股份数、出资方式和出资时间；
（六）董事会的组成、职权和议事规则； （七）公司法定代表人；
（八）监事会的组成、职权和议事规则； （九）公司利润分配办法；
（十）公司的解散事由与清算办法； （十一）公司的通知和公告办法；
（十二）股东大会会议认为需要规定的其他事项。
Article 83 The form of capital contributions of promoters shall be governed by the provisions of Article 27 of this Law.
Article 84 When establishing a joint stock company limited by promotion, the promoters shall subscribe, in writing, to the full amount of shares provided in the bylaw. In the case of paying the capital contributions at one time, the promoters shall make the payment in a lump sum; in the case of paying the capital contributions by installments, the promoters shall make the down payment immediately. In the case of making capital contributions in non-monetary properties, the promoters shall go through the procedures for the transfer of property rights according to laws.
If any of the promoters fails to make capital contributions by following the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract under the stipulations in the promoter’s agreement.
After the promoters have made their down payment, they should elect the board of directors and board of supervisors. The board of directors shall file a registration application with the company registration authority and submit thereto the bylaw, the capital verification certification as issued by a lawfully established capital verification institution, as well as other documents as provided for by the laws and administrative regulations.
Article 85 For a joint stock limited company established by stock flotation, the shares subscribed by the promoters shall not be less than 35 % of the total shares. However, if it is otherwise provided for by any law or administrative regulation, such law or administrative
第八十三条 【发起人的出资方式要求】发起人的出资方式，适用本法第二十七条的规定。 第八十四条 【发起人出资义务的履行、出资违约及设立登记申请】以发起设立方式设立股份有限公司的，发起人应当书面认足公司章程规定其认购的股份；一次缴纳的，应即缴纳全部出资；分期缴纳的，应即缴纳首期出资。以非货币财产出资的，应当依法办理其财产权的转移手续。 发起人不依照前款规定缴纳出资的，应当按照
发起人协议承担违约责任。
发起人首次缴纳出资后，应当选举董事会和监事会，由董事会向公司登记机关报送公司章程、由依法设定的验资机构出具的验资证明以及法律、行政法规规定的其他文件，申请设立登记。
第八十五条 【对募集设立发起人认购股份的
要求】以募集设立方式设立股份有限公司的，发起人认购的股份不得少于公司股份总数的百分之三十