英语和汉语对比 - 被动与主动(2)

2019-08-29 22:19

2)这锅饭能吃十个人。(不说“这锅饭能被十个人吃”) A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.

3)一匹马骑两个人。(不说“一匹马被两个人骑”) Two persons rode one horse.

4)困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。

The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.

英语的被动式也常常译成汉语的主动式,如:

The first clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1000 A.D.,but clocks of that kind could not be carried about from place to place.Another four hundred and fifty years passed before the first watch was made in Germany. “(New Horizon English Reader”) 据说第一座装有钟摆和齿轮的钟大约是在公元一千年左右发明的。但是这样的钟不便携带。又过了四百五十年,第一块表才在德国制造出来。 三、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构齐整,句中不能没有主语,只好采用被动式或其他句式,以便于把施事者省略或隐含起来。如:

1)要制造飞机,就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。

Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 2)为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?

Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 3)注意看看信的地址是否写对了。

Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.

4)用机械加工方法,特别是用磨削方法,可以获得最佳表面光洁度。

Best surface finish is provided by machining method, especially by grinding.

四、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称(如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”等)作主语,以保持句子的主动形式。英语也有不定代词(如one,some,any,every,all,somebody,anybody,everybody等),但其用途与汉语的通称不尽相同。英语在许多情况下宁可采用被动式也不用这类代词作主语,如大量的非人称被动式(impersonal passive)用“it”作形式主语: It is said that? 有人说,据说,据云

It is well known that? 大家知道,众所周知 It is generally considered that? 人们普遍认为

当汉语不便于采用被动式时,常常采用通称作主语,如:

1)He has often, not always justly,been accused of indecisiveness. 人们常常指责他优柔寡断,虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。 2)Voices were heard calling for help. 有人听见呼救的声音。

3)Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of electricity. 大家知道,电子是极为微小的负电荷。

汉语用通称作主语的句式,也常常译成英语的被动式:

1)众所周知,中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。

It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 2)有人问她感觉如何,她说:“呼吸困难。” When asked how she felt,she said:“I’m having trouble breathing.’’ 3)人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。

The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.

五、当不便使用被动式时,汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。如:

1.处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”),表示施事对受事的处置或支配行为。王力认为,“被动式和处置式的形式虽不同(一是被动句,一是主动句),而其所叙行为的性质却大致相同。譬如一件事,在主事者一方面看来是一种处置,在受事者一方面看来往往就是一种不如意或不企望的事。‘他把你打了一顿’,在‘他’看来是一种处置,在‘你’看来就是一种损害了。因此,多数被动式是可以改为处置式的。被动句若要转成主动句,也是变为处置式较为适宜。”试比较:

树被风刮倒了。The tree was blown down by the wind. 风把树刮倒了。The wind blew down the tree. 她被人杀害了。She was killed.

有人把她杀害了。someone killed her.

敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemy’s plot was exposed. 我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the enemy’s plot.

英语的被动式译成汉语时,若不便采用“被字式”,常常采用“处置式”: 1)These questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。

2)The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 利用发电机,可以将机械能再变成电能。

3)Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another. 凡是做功,都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。

4)Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities not otherwise avail able.

故意把各种金属混合在一起,可以产生数百种新物质。这些物质的特性合乎人们的需要,也是一般金属所没有的。

5)Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October,1964. 一九六四年十月,中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,这把基辛格吓了一跳。 2.“为??所”式,是较古的被动式,与现代的被动式结合,即为“被??所”,如: 茅屋为秋风所破。

The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm. 她被花言巧语所陶醉。

She is intoxicated with sweet words. 3.“是??的”式,即表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,如: 这些产品是我国制造的。(我国制造这些产品) These products are made in our country.

风速是用秒米表示的。(用秒米表示风速)

The speed of wind is expressed in metres by second. 4.“??的是”式,一般可以与“是(由)??的”式互相转换, 推荐我的是一位教授。(我是由一位教授推荐的) I was recommended by a professor.

接见他的是一位秘书。(他是由一位秘书接见的) He was received by a secretary. 5.“??加以/予以”式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如: 这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。

This question will be discussed in the next chapter. 这必须在适当的时候予以处理。

It must be dealt with at the appropriate time.

除了上述的形式以外,汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段,用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义,如: 1)They are paid for this. 他们拿钱就是干这个的。

2)The culture of antiquity was rediscovered. 古代文化重见天日。

3)He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year,by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.

一天又一天,一年又一年,他始终吉星高照,令人惊异不己。

4)He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute. 他在日常生活中有一条不可动摇的信念,那就是,道德标准是绝对的。

英语使用被动式,常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气,以迎合某些表达的需要。汉语要表达同样的口气,往往不用被动式,而用上述的无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。总之,英语常用被动式,汉语常用主动式。英汉互译时,句式的转换便成了一种常用的技巧。


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