考试不作弊，放你妈的屁，考试不翻书，简直是头猪，作弊不要慌，逮到就装漭！
native language D. Both A and C
70. Error analysis may be carried out in order to______.
A. identify strategies which learners use in language learning B. try to identify the causes of learner errors.
C. obtain information on common difficulties in language learning D. All of the above.
71. Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.
A. Negative transfer B. Overgeneralization C. Positive transfer D. mother tongue interference
72. Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A. Objectivity B. Reliability C. Validity D. Both A and C
73. Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A. Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B. There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.
C. Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D. In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 74. Teaching culture in our language classes can _______. A. get the students familiar with cultural differences
B. help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will
C. emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D. All of the above.
75. According to Grice?s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.
A. strictly observed B. secretly and deliberately violated C. blatantly or apparently violated D. Both A and B
Ⅱ. Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. Part One Column A 1. constituent
2. complementary distribution 3. design features 4. diglossia 5. displacement 6. homonymy
7. language interference 8. registers
9. selectional restrictions 10. semantic anomaly
考试不作弊，放你妈的屁，考试不翻书，简直是头猪，作弊不要慌，逮到就装漭！
Column B
A. the phenomenon that human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the topic of conversation is in time and space
B. the framework proposed by Hockett, which discusses the defining properties of human language as against animal communication
C. the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verb D. the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situation E. the phenomena that allophones occur in different phonetic environments
F. a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play
G. the case that two, or more meanings may be associated with the same linguistic form
H. the case that one of the arguments or the predicate of the main predication is self-contradictory I. any linguistic form or group of linguistic forms that appears at the bottom of one of the lines in the tree diagram of the syntactic analysis
J. the use of elements from one language while speaking another. Part Two Column A
1. duality of structure 2. free morphemes
3. endocentric construction
4. International Phonetic Alphabet 5. Psycholinguistics
6. the syntagmatic relation 7. derivational morphemes 8. regional dialect 9. sequential rules 10. presupposition
Column B
A. the study of the relationship between language and mind.
B. the bound morphemes which are conjoined to other morphemes (or words) to derive or form a new word
C. the organization of language into two levels: a lower level of sounds which combine to form a higher level of meaningful units
D. a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. E. linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.
F. the rules which govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
G. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents
H. the kind of meaning which the speaker doesn't assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence
I. the morphemes which can constitute words by themselves
J. the one between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all
考试不作弊，放你妈的屁，考试不翻书，简直是头猪，作弊不要慌，逮到就装漭！
present Part Three Column A 1.antonymy 2. blending 3. compounds 4. arbitrariness
5. cultural transmission 6. diachronic linguistics 7. distinctive features 8. standard dialect 9. ultimate constituent 10. Creole Column B
A. the study of the language development or change over time
B. the features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it from other phonemes C. the words that are produced by stringing together words
D. the smallest grammatical unit obtained through binary segmentation
E. a particular variety of a language, not related to any particular group of language users F. a language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community G. word formed by combining parts of other words
H. the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker I. the oppositeness of meaning between lexemes
J. a design feature of language which refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and the signified of a sign. Part Four Column A 1. a proposition
2. a speech community 3. an utterance 4. bilingualism 5. constatives 6. performatives 7. registers 8. sociolect
9. the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis 10. utterance meaning Column B
A. the suggestion that different languages carve the world up in different ways, and that as a result their speakers think about it differently
B. something conveyed by a sentence in a context other than its literal meaning C. varieties of language that are related to use
D. a piece of language actually used in a particular context
E. the linguistic variety used by people belonging to a particular social class
考试不作弊，放你妈的屁，考试不翻书，简直是头猪，作弊不要慌，逮到就装漭！
F. a community the members of which have or believe they have at least one common variety of language
G. what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement H. sentences which describe or state something; they are either true or false
I. the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with each having a different role to play
J. sentences that do not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false Part Five Column A
1. an analytic proposition 2. binary cutting 3. connotation 4. derivation 5. lexicology
6. logical semantics 7. reference
8. semantic feature 9. the chain relation 10. the choice relation Column B
A. the relation holding between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present
B. the basic unit of meaning in a word
C. the study of the meaning of a sentence in terms of its truth conditions
D. one whose grammatical form and lexical meaning make it necessarily true, without reference to external criteria
E. the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning
F. a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure
G. the morphological process in which affixes are added to the stem
H. the concrete entities that have the properties denoted by words or phrases
I. the practice to cut a grammatical construction into two parts and then cut each of the two parts into two and continue with this segmentation until we reach the smallest grammatical unit, the morpheme
J. the study of the vocabulary items of a language, including their meanings and relations, their classification and collocation, and changes in their form and meaning through time
IV.SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer the following question in 60 to 120 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Is Cantonese better than Shanghai Dialect?
2. How can a linguist make his work the scientific study of language? 3. What are the design features of language?
4. What is the distinction between competence and performance? 5. What are the branches of linguistics?
6. Why are speech and writing treated differently in linguistics?
考试不作弊，放你妈的屁，考试不翻书，简直是头猪，作弊不要慌，逮到就装漭！
7. What is the distinction among phone, phoneme, and allophone? 8. How are the English words classified?
9. What is IC Analysis? Can you name one of its advantages in analyzing the structure of sentences?
10. In second language learning, should grammar be taught in language classes?
V. ESSAY QUESTION. Develop the following topic into an essay of 150 to 220 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. How should errors on the part of foreign language learners be treated? 2. What is an indirect speech act?
3. How can the English speech sounds be classified?
4. Exemplify what conversational implicatures are and how they arise. 5. What is a register？