18. raise与rise的用法
★raise (raised, raised)作及物动词，表示“抚养”“养育”;raise还有“饲养”“喂养”“种植”“提出”“举起”“抬起”“提高”的意思。如:
① The old lady raised six orphans in her life. 这位老太太一生抚养了六个孤儿。 ② Where was he raised? 他是在哪里长大的? ③ His job is to raise pigs. 他的工作就是养猪。
④ She raised her eyes and stared at them. 她举目盯着他们。 ⑤ The people’s living standards have been greatly raised. 人民的生活水平有了很大提高。
★rise (rose, risen)用作不及物动词，意为“上升”“升起”“增长”“提高”“起身”。作“上升”讲时是指继续上升，常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、水蒸气等;也可以指温度计、体温、物体、水位、职位等方面的上升。如: ① Look! The moon is rising. 瞧!月亮升起来了。
② She has had a high fever, and her temperature is still rising. 她发高烧，体温还在上升。 ③ The master rose from his chair with the teaching stick in his hand. 老师手里拿着教鞭从座位上站起来。
④ His book has risen in value, and he has risen in rank. 他写的书升值了，他也随着升级了。
【注】raise和rise有时可用来描述同一事情，但含义有所不同。试比较: ① The price of tomatoes has been raised recently.
最近西红柿的价格上涨了。(价格的上涨可能是由于政府或其他方面的原因)
② The price of tomatoes has risen recently. 西红柿最近涨价了。(说明价格自身上涨) ③ Our living standard has risen in the past few years. Our living standard has been raised in the past few years. 近几年来，我们的生活水平提高了。
④ He raised the child from the ground. (强调把孩子扶起来) ⑤ The child rose from the ground. (强调孩子自己站起来) ⑥ He lifted the child up from the ground. (强调用劲儿扶起)
19. It is a famous Chinese-style garden built in a natural landscape. 这是一座建在自然风光基础之上的著名的中国式的园林建筑群落。
★famous用作形容词，意为“著名的”“出名的”“值得注意的”。如: ① Paris is a famous city. 巴黎是著名的城市。 ② He is a famous artist. 他是一位著名的艺术家。
③ She wants to be a famous singer. 她想当一位著名的歌唱家。 ④ We have won a famous victory. 我们赢得了辉煌的胜利。
★be famous for意为“以??而出名”，其主语可以是人也可以是物，for后的宾语说明出名的原因。如:
① The area is famous for its green tea. 这个地区以绿茶而出名。
② France is famous for its fine food and wine. 法国以其佳肴和美酒而闻名。
★be famous as意为“以某种身份而闻名、出名”，as后的宾语与主语是同位成分。如: ① Einstein was famous as a great scientist. 爱因斯坦以一位伟大的科学家著称。 ② The actor is more famous as a writer. 那位演员的作家身份较为有名。
③ Wang Junxia is famous as a good runner. 王军霞是一位很著名的长跑运动员。
★be known as意为“以??知名”“以??出名”“被认为是”，known为形容词。如:
① He is well known as a pianist. 他是一位著名的钢琴家。 ② He is known as a writer rather than a poet.
他是作为一名作家，而不是作为一名诗人而闻名。
★be known for意为“闻名”“以??而众所周知”，known相当于famous。如: ① Switzerland is known for its mountains. 瑞士以它的山而闻名。
② He is known for his readiness to help others. 大家都知道他总是乐于帮助别人。 ③ China is well known for the Great Wall. 中国以万里长城而闻名。 ★be known to意为“为??所知”，to后接某人。如: ① He is known to every one of us. 我们每人都知道他。
② It’s known to all that they do an important and necessary job. 大家都知道他们做的是重要的并且是必要的工作。
③ He is known to everyone as a good actor. 人人都知道他是一位出色的演员。 【注】well-known是复合形容词，相当于famous，在句中只能作定语，而famous可作定语也可作表语。当well修饰作表语的known时，两词不能连写，well不能用来修饰famous。如:
① He is a well-known singer. 他是一名著名的歌唱家。 20. natural一词的用法
★natural用作形容词，意为“自然的”“天然的”“自然界的”。如: ① Coal and oil are natural resources. 煤和石油是天然资源。
② Many natural materials are becoming scarce. 许多天然原料越来越少。 ③ She finds great interest in natural science. 她对自然科学有很大兴趣。 ★natural用作形容词，意为“自然的”“不做作的”。如: ① She speaks in a natural voice. 她说话声音自然。
② He tried to keep his voice quite (= perfectly) natural. 他竭力让他的语调十分自然。
★natural用作形容词，意为“应该的”“(演变)自然的”。如:
① It’s natural for a child to love its mother. 孩子爱母亲，这是很自然的。
② It’s natural to run away if you’re afraid. 你害怕的时候就跑开，那是很自然的。 ③ His death was from natural cause. 他的死是自然死亡。 ★natural用作形容词，意为“与生俱亚”“天生的”。如:
① She has a natural ability for arranging flowers. 她有插花的天赋。 ② I do not doubt that it is made by natural ability. 我不怀疑那是由自然能力造成的。
③ She is a natural linguist. 她是个天生的语言学家。 【注】有关natural的常用词组还有:
natural forces自然力量 natural gas天然气 natural food自然食物 natural science自然科学 natural death老死的 natural abilities自然能力
natural gifts天赋才能 natural history博物学;自然(课) in a natural state处于自然状态;未经加工或人工培养等 come natural to对??是很自然的;对??是轻而易举的 ★nature用作名词，意为“大自然”“自然界”，也可表示人或事物的“本质”“本性”。如:
① It’s against nature for people to cut off trees on mountains or hills for farming.
毁林造田是人类违背自然规律的行为。
② The beauties of nature inspired many poets. 自然之美激发许多诗人的灵感。 ③ We must plant more trees and keep the balance of nature. 我们必须种更多的树来保持生态平衡。
④ Man will return to nature. 人类最终要回归自然。 ⑤ She has a very sweet nature. 她性格很温柔。
⑥ My two dogs have quite different natures. 我的两只狗的本性完全不同。
21. It consists mainly of a hill and a man-made lake, with bridges, towers and halls all over the area.
颐和园由万寿山和昆明湖(人工湖)构成主体框架，里面亭台楼阁、殿堂厅室、塔航桥关，应有尽有。
★consist of意为“由??组成”“由??构成”。如: ① The book consists of eight chapters. 那书共有八章。
② Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氢和氧组成。
③ The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 联合王国由大不列颠与北爱尔兰两部分组成。
★consist与介词in连用，表示“在于”“以??为主要或唯一因素”的意思。如: ① The happiness of a country consists in the freedom of its citizens. 国家的幸福要以民众的自由为首要因素。
② Wisdom does not consists only in knowing fact. 智慧并非仅仅是掌握事实。 ③ The beauty of the city consists in its nice buildings. 这座城市的美丽就在于它美丽的建筑。
④ True education does not consist in simply being taught facts. 真正的教育并不在于简单地讲授事实。 22. mainly一词的用法
★mainly用作副词，意为“主要地”“大部分”。如:
① It is mainly because of my fault. 这主要是由于我的过错。 ② The visitors were mainly students. 来访者大部分是学生。
③ They talked mainly about the work at the meeting. 在会上，他们主要谈论工作。 ④ His money mainly come from business investments. 他的钱主要来自于商业投资。 ★main用作形容词，只能作定语，意为“主要的”“最重要的”，无比较级。如: ① What’s the main purpose of your visit? 你访问的主要目的是什么? ② This is the main street in our city. 这是我们市内的主要街道。
③ Can you catch the main idea of the text? 你能领会本篇课文的主题吗? ④ The main thing is to work well. 最重要的是要工作好。
⑤ He doesn’t make much money, but he is very happy. That’s the main thing. 他赚钱不多，但很快乐。那才是最重要的。 23. It is a long wall which runs more than 5,000 kilometers across northern China. 它是一条绵延5000千米红十字会中国北部的城墙。
★run用作不及物动词，意为“延伸”“通往”“延续”“继续”。如:
① The road runs for many miles by the sea. 这条公路沿着海边延伸好几英里。 ② A small stream runs across it. 一条小溪从这里穿过。
③ The orchards and forests run intermittently for nearly 200 km.
果园和森林交插着延伸近二百公里。
④ There is a tunnel running though the mountain. 有一条隧道从山里穿过。 ⑤ The appointment runs for two years. 任期是两年。 ⑥ This show has been running for six weeks (continuously). 这出戏(一连)演了六个星期。
【注】可用现在分词作定语，表示“连续的”。如:
① A running commentary on the match will be broadcast over the radio. 将通过电台转播这场比赛的实况解说。
② He made a running translation of the talk. 他给这个报告做了即席翻译。 ★run用作不及物动词，意为“跑”。如: ① I don’t run as fast as you. 我跑得没你快。
② She run to the place and knocked at the door. 她跑到那里敲了敲门。 ③ Are you running in the 4,000 metres? 你要参加四千米赛跑吗?
④ I used to run when I was in middle school. 我在中学的时候常常跑步。 ★run用作不及物动词，意为“流”。如:
① The Huanghe River runs into the sea in North Shandong. 黄河在山东北部入海。
② The river was running very slowly. 河水流得很慢。
③ We mustn’t let the water run to waste. 我们不能让这水白白流掉。 ④ Who has left the water (tap) running? 谁开了自来水(龙头)没关? ⑤ His cough has slackened, but his nose is still running. 他不咳嗽了，但还流清鼻涕。
★run用作不及物动词，意为“(车船、机器)行驰”“开动”。如: ① The train was running at 80 miles an hour. 这列火车正以每小时八十英里的速度前进。
② There are frequent buses running from Yanan to Xian. 从延安经常有公共汽车开往西安。
③ The next train runs from Beijing to Nanning. 下一列火车是由北京开往南宁的。 ④ The engine runs quite smoothly. 这部发动机运转十分顺利。 ★run同作及物动词，意为“经营”“管理”“开动”。如:
① They ran the nurseries extremely well. 他们把托儿所办得很好。 ② For this they running short-term courses and evening classes. 为此他们办了短训班和夜校。
③ They have the right to run their own affairs. 他们有权管理自己的事务。 ④ They’re determined to run the train better. 他们决心把火车开得更好。 ⑤ They ran the car downhill. 他们把车往山下开。 24. more than一词的用法
★more than意思为“超过”“大于”“多于”，常常与数词连用，相当于over，其反义词组为less than，意为“不足”“不到”。如:
① The population of China is more than 1.3 billion. 中国人口超十三亿。
② I have know him for more than twenty years. 我认识他已经超过二十多年了。 ③ More than a person knows the secret. 不止一个人知道这个秘密。 ④ There are more than 50 students in our class. 我们班有50多位学生。
⑤ It was a little man less than six inches tall. 那是一个身高不到六英寸的小
人。
★more than另一个意思是“不仅仅”“远不止”，相当于not only的含义，后面跟名词。如:
① Our English teacher is more than a teacher. He is our friend, too. 我们的英语老师不仅是一位老师。他也是我们的朋友。
② Tom and Jack are more than classmates. They are close friends. 汤姆和杰克远不止是同班同学，他们还是知心朋友。
③ He was much more than a friend to me. 对我而言，他远不止是个朋友。
★more than表示“非常”“十分”，常常用来修饰形容词，相当于very。如: ① When I asked them for help, they were more than glad to come. 当我向他们求助时，他们非常乐意地来了。
② They were more than happy to see us come back from the expedition. 看到我们远征而归，他们异常高兴。
③ He was more than willing to help. 他非常愿意提供帮助。 25. across, through和over的用法 ★across和through都与动词连用。表示从一定范围的一边到另一边，但across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的，例如原文中的across Northern China;而through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行的。如: ① The river was frozen, so we walked across the ice to the other bank. 河面结了冰，所以我们从冰上走到河的对面。(不用through) ② The river flows through the city from west to east.
这条河由西向东流过这个城市。(河的两边有建筑物，不用across) ③ It took us three hours to walk through the forest. 我们花了三个小时穿过那个森林。(人周围有建筑物) ④ You must not run across the road. 你不要跑过马路。 ⑤ We walked across the bridge and soon came to a hut. 我们走过桥，不久就到了小屋前。
⑥ We walked through the tunnel. 我们开车穿过了隧道。 ⑦ I saw it through the windowpane. 透过玻璃我看到了它。
⑧ I got the job through a friend of mine. 我通过一位朋友得到了这个工作。 【注】go across the street横穿街道(指从街的一边到另一边) go through the street穿过街道(指从街的一端到另一端) go across the room从房间这边到另一边
go through the room穿过房间(指从一个房间走到另一间)
★over可以作介词或副词，作介词时带宾语;作副词时不带宾语。表示从一定范围的一边到另一边，但over的含义与above有关，表示动作是在某一物体的上方进行的。而且与物体没有接触。如:
① A lamp was hanging over the table. 桌子上方挂着一盏灯。 ② There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥。
③ The sky is over our heads and the ground is under our feet. 我们头上是天空，脚下是大地。
【注】over与动词搭配可用来表示“越过??”“穿过??”某一高形物体。如: ① The boy climbed over the wall. 男孩子们爬过墙头。
② The groups of planes are flying over our city. 机群正飞越我们城市上空。