一代人的常规表达”) ,即成为了概念隐喻,它就会改变我们原有的概念系统及行动方式。因而新隐喻可以创造新现实,而不是一种对业已存在的现实进行概念化的又一方式。所以Lakoff &Johnson(1980 :145) 说:“许多文化变迁归因于新隐喻概念的引进和旧隐喻概念的消亡”。并且,他们还举例说明,现在全世界范围的文化之所以西化,部分原因是由于“时间即金钱”这一概念隐喻的引进和推广。
二．语法隐喻
The notion of grammatical metaphor is proposed for the first time in Halliday’s An Introduction to Functional Grammar. The theory of
grammatical metaphor inaugurates a new era of metaphor study and makes a breakthrough to the traditional views of metaphor which are still confined to lexical metaphor. Taking a sociocultural approach to language and meaning,Halliday contends that“a language is a system for making
meanings.The term ‘semantics’ does not simply refer to the meaning of words; it is the entire system of meanings of a language, expressed by grammar as well as by vocabulary.” and metaphorical variation is lexicogrammatical rather than simply lexical. He also identifies two main types of grammatical metaphors: “metaphors of mood(including modality)and metaphors of
transitivity. In the terms of the model of semantic functions, these are, respectively, interpersonal metaphors and ideational metaphors.”
(1994:343). Textual grammatical metaphor is excluded because Halliday deems that the textual is a meta-functional component in language to which there is no corresponding function in the sense of use.
隐喻是意义表达的“变异”，在隐喻表达中, 一个语法范畴表达两个( 或多个) 语义特征。系统功能语言学认为隐喻不仅限于词汇层面，而且常常发生在语法层面。 在语气隐喻中, 语气隐喻体现为言语功能的复合体。例如: 陈述语气“I wonder if it is necessary”是陈述意义和疑问意义结合的结果; “Admit that you have not done anything about it”是陈述意义和命令意义结合的结果; 而“Can you tell me something about him ?”是疑问意义和命令意义结合的结果。
语法隐喻指的是以一个常见的形式表达事物却被以另一种语法形式表达出来。 同一语言过程可以有不同的表达方式。在这些表达方式中，除一种为适合表达（congruent wording）外，其余为隐喻表达。
韩礼德的语法隐喻包括概念隐喻和人际语法隐喻。其中人际语法隐喻又分为情态隐喻和语气隐喻。
Grammatical metaphor: the expression of a meaning through a
lexical-grammatical form which originally used to express a different meaning. Lexical metaphor can be seen as sub-category of grammatical metaphor.
1 概念隐喻
Ideational grammatical metaphors are the metaphorical expression of the meaning of a clause as representation through the transitivity system.