What is translation?
1) to turn from one language into another (The Oxford English
Dictionary): 一种语言到另一种语言的转换
2) Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in
one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).(Catford)原语文本材料到对等语材料（目标文本)的取代 3) Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) 所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
4) To sum up, translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or
recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. 3.3 Criteria of translation 3.3.1 Criteria in China
刘重德： 信达切faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness 鲁迅：宁信而不顺 vs 赵景深：宁顺而不信 林语堂：忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness）、美（beautifulness) 傅雷：神似(spiritual resemblance)
钱钟书：化境(reaching the acme of perfection) 许渊冲: “三美” “三似” “三化”; “优势论与竞赛论” 3.3.2 Criteria in the West
? Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation ? Eugene A. Nida: functional equivalence
Peter Newmark: semantic translation & communicative translation（交际翻译与语义翻译)
Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of Translation
（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.（译作应该完全传达原作的思想）
（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.（译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致）
（3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.（译作应当和原作一样流畅）
Drills 1.3.1
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
严复：“译事三难：信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance
(1) 1.This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty. 这对克服困难很有帮助。 2.Go it while you are young. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。 3. I could do with more leisure time.我需要更多空闲的时间。 4.This failure was the making of him. 这次失败促使他成功。
5.I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour. 我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。 6.She know a thing or two about it. 她对此事很了解。
7.She is too ready to speak. 她真是爱说话。/她太喜欢说话了。
8. News came through on the wireless of a reach oil field district.无线电传来了该地区发现 大油田的消息。
9. He was convinced on the basis of what had by then appeared that there would be a long and a difficult struggle. 他根据当时已出现的情况，深信以后会有一场漫长而艰难的斗争。 10.What are the perspectives of the national liberation movement and the relations bewteen
China and the Third World countries? 民族解放运动以及中国同第三世界国家之间的关系，其前景是怎样的呢？
(2) 1.This is a 100-hour reliable engine. 这是一台可以连续运转100小时而不出毛病的发动
机。
2.The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.《牛津英语词典》是有关英语单词的一切问题的最高权威。
3.He wanted to learn,to know ,to teach. 他想学习，增长知识，也愿意教人。
4. Linda is a good singer and a good dancer,a great actress and a great joker. 琳达能歌善舞，很会演戏，又很会开玩笑。
5.Somehow our path took us towards the park. 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。 6. How is the world treating you.近况如何？ Drills 1.3.2
4. The Japanese imperialists tried to make hell while the sun shines 日本帝国主义者想趁着末日来到之前抓紧时机，垂死挣扎。
5. Not without reason MR.Dulles was called a bull in the Indo-China shop难怪人们说杜勒斯先生在印度支那问题上像一头闯进瓷器店里的公牛，一动就闯祸。
7. His writing are devoured by Arabs from the castles of Morocco to the oil derricks of the persian Gulf, by diplomats from Foggy Bottom to Peking.从摩洛哥城堡到波斯湾油井架旁的阿拉伯人，从华盛顿到北京的外交人士，都如饥似渴地阅读他的作品。
Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese
3.2 English VS. Chinese: ten pairs of features 3.2.1 synthetic vs. analytic (综合语与分析语）
inflectional vs. Non-inflectional flexible vs. Inflexible Intonation vs. Tone
1)Synthetic language ：frequent use of inflected forms to express
grammatical relationships
2) Analytic language: The frequent use of function words, word
order, etc. to express syntactic relationship
3.2.2 rigid vs. Supple(刚性和柔性）
1) English :rigid S-V concord; five basic sentence patterns run-on sentences
天高云淡 The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 晒太阳to bask in the sun 晒衣服 to sun one’s clothes 救火to fight a fire 救国 to save the nation
恢复疲劳to get refreshed 恢复健康to recover one’s health
2) Chinese: the subject is varied, often optional.the predicate is varied and complicated minor sentences
3.2.3 hypotactic vs. paratactic 1) 形合（Hypotactic）
句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义
和逻辑关系。 2) 意合 （Paratactic）
词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑
关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
1.人不犯我，我不犯人 we will not attack unless we are attacked. 2.聪明一世，糊涂一时 Smart as a rule,but this time a fool 3.有饭大家吃 Let everybody share the food if there is any 4.不到黄河心不死 Until all is over, ambition never dies 5.不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward
6.物及必反 once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite
direction is inevitable. 3.2.4 complex vs. simplex
1) English : complex Subordination ，Loose and minor sentences
2)Chinese: simplex Coordination， Run-on sentences 1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一
2.There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places i visited and the people i met.
我访问了一些地方，也遇到了一些人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着了呢
3.Can you answer a question which i want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答我吗？
3.2.5 impersonal vs. personal(物称与人称) English : impersonal (物称) Chinese: personal （人称）
1.A idea suddenly struck me.我突然想起了一个主意。
2.From this moment we stepped into the People’ republic of China,care
and kindness surrounded us on every side .
一踏上中华人民共和国的国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀与照顾。 3.2.6 active vs. Passive（被动和主动） 英语: more passives 汉语的被动式： (1)Notional passives
(2)Subject-omitted sentences
1.Voices were heard calling for help.有人听见呼救的声音。
2. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October ,1964. 1964年10月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格下了一跳。 3.2.7 static vs. Dynamic（静态和动态）
英语（静态 stative )：predominance of nouns over verbs “名词优势于动词,” 汉语（动态dynamic): predominance of verbs over nouns“动词优势于名词,”
E.g.1.The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his speedy recovery.
医生迅速赶到，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了
2.He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡
3.I used to be a bit of a fancier myself过去，我常常喜欢胡思乱想 4.He has someone behind him有人给他撑腰
5.Ford’s first pledge was,“Mrs.president,you have my support and my loyalty”.福特一开始就保证说；“总统先生，我支持你，并孝忠于您，
3.2.8 : abstract vs. Concrete（抽象和具体） 英语： nominalization and abstraction 汉语： concrete and specific words
1.He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.他等着他过来，急的热锅上的蚂蚁
2.I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异
3.The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.没有消息表明令人满意的进展，
4.He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面。
5.She wonder whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.她怀疑自己的心直口快，是否会成为弗拉克林的包袱 3.2.9 : indirect vs. Direct（间接和直接）
The wide use of the following devices makes English more indirect than Chinese:
Euphemism（委婉）Understatement（克制陈述）Litotes（间接肯定） indirect negation（间接否定 ） tactful implication（婉转暗示） Periphrasis（迂回） 1.A first，i was poor,then i became needy, later i was underprivileged,Now I’m disadvantaged.i still don’t have a cent to my name,but i sure have a great vocabulary
起初我贫困，后来我拮据，再来，我受到不公平待遇，现在我机遇不佳，我依然一文不名，词汇却学了一大堆
3.2.10: substitutive vs. Repetitive (替换和重复）
英语： Ellipsis(省略）Variation(变换）Reduplication(重叠） 汉语：Repetitive（重复）
1.work with,and not against,nature.要顺应自然，而不是违反自然工作 2.Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking,one’s tongue,while writing, one’s mind .
阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。
3.The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women,who were selling and buying all kinds of things.
路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖着各种东西。 4.Walking up and down the empty room,he stopped here and there to touch or look.房间空空荡荡，他走走停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。 5.It is a good horse that never stumbles.人有失误，马有失蹄。
6.Be lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame. 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
7.There is strength in numbers more logs makes a bigger fire.众人拾柴火焰高。
Chapter 3 Diction
“Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.”字本无意，义随人生
Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
a heavy buyer 大主顾 a heavy demand 苛求heavy sorrow 折磨人的悲哀
a heavy thinker 思想深沉的人 a heavy politician 显要的政治家 a heavy vote 大量的得票 a heavy schedule 排得很紧的日程表 a heavy play 严肃的戏 heavy news令人忧愁的消息 heavy advertising 大登广告 This book is heavy reading. 这本书读起来枯燥乏味 good manners 得体的举止 a good king 公正的国王 a good Catholic 虔诚的天主教徒 good soil 肥沃的土壤 good humor 愉快的心情；好脾气good living 讲究吃喝的生活 good eggs 新鲜鸡蛋a good debt 有把握收回的债 a good hour 整整一小时