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● If you are submitting your resume in English, find out if the recipient（收件人） uses British English or American English
because there are variations between the two versions. For example, university education is often referred to as 'tertiary education' in the United Kingdom, but this term is almost never used in the United States. A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your resume contains errors.
56. Companies are hiring more foreign employees because_______.
A. they have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home B. they find foreign employees are usually more talented C. they need original ideas from employees hired overseas D. they want to expand their business beyond home borders
57. The author believes that an individual who applies to work overseas ____. A. is usually creative and full of initiative B. aims to improve his foreign language skills
C. seeks either his own or his children's development D. is dissatisfied with his own life at home 58. When it comes to resume writing, it is best to ____.
A. know the employer's personal likes and dislikes B. follow appropriate guidelines for job hunting C. learn about the company's hiring process D. take cultural factors into consideration
59. When writing about qualifications, applicants are advised to ____.
A. provide a detailed description of their study and work experiences B. give the title of the university degree they have earned at home C. highlight their keen interest in pursuing a 'cross-border' career D. stress their academic potential to impress the decision maker
60. According to the author's last piece of advice, the applicants should be aware of ____. A. the recipient's preference with regard to the format B. the different educational systems in the US and the UK C. the differences between the varieties of English
D. the distinctive features of American and British cultures
Passage Thirteen The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but
increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation（航空）industry, has recommended that all airlines ban（禁止）such devices from being used during “critical” stages of light, particularly take off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.
The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft's computers. Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.
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The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable（易受损的）to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio system in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud.
61. The passage is mainly about_______.
A. effective safety measures for air flight B. a new regulation for all airlines C. the defects of electronic devices D. a possible cause of aircraft crashes 62. What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years? A. They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference. B. They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems. C. They may have taken place during take-off and landing.
D. They were proved to have been caused by the passengers’ portable computers.
63. Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because_______. A. they have other effective safety measures to fall back on
B. they don’t believe there is such a danger as radio interference
C. the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be proved
D. most passengers refuse to take a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette players
64. Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplane's computers? A. Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.
B. Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.
C. Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered with. D. Because research scientists have not been to produce the same effects in labs. 65. It can be inferred from the passage that the author_______.
A. regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight
B. is in favor of prohibiting passengers’ use of electronic devices completely C. has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interference D. hasn't formed his own opinion on this problem
Passage Fourteen
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to five children something to do.
In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all part of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic（北极的）peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent（进步）. The progress from a rattle（拨浪鼓）used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.
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66. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that_______. A. they like challenging activities
B. their social roles are rigidly determined
C. most boys would like to follow their fathers’ professions
D. boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers 67. One aspect of “the universality of toys” lies in the fact that_______. A. the basic characteristics of toys are the same the world over
B. technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys
C. the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities D. the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys 68. Which of the following is the author's view on the historical development of toys? A. Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child’s character. B. The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged. C. Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries.
D. The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years. 69. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys_______.
A. reflect the pace of social progress B. follow a direct line of ascent
C. also appeal greatly to adults D. are not characterized by technological progress 70. The author used the example of a rattle to show that_______. A. even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time B. in toy-making there is a continuity in the use of materials C. even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology
D. it often takes a long time to introduce new technology into toy-making
Passage Fifteen
Selling skills can be very useful to you in your personal life. For example, have you ever wanted to use someone else's car? You had to use selling skills to persuade the owner to let you use it. When you apply for a job, you should really be trying to persuade the employer that you will be good employee. If you run for an elected office in an organization, you are really trying to sell yourself to others. You are trying to convince people that you have good ideas and will provide the type of leadership needed by that organization. Selling involves persuading others to accept your ideas or your advice.
Selling skills are also important in most jobs. Business managers want to hire people who are creative, who
work well with others, and who contribute to the success of their business. In the world of business, selling is a very important function. Business owners use selling skills to gain acceptance from customers and employees about store policies and procedures. Successful salespeople use selling skills to assist customers in making wise buying decisions.
What Is Selling?
Selling involves the art of communicating effectively with people — simply explaining how a product or service
will benefit the customer. Customers will not purchase a product or service until they are convinced that they will benefit from owning that product or service. The salesperson needs to explain, advise, and generally help the customer. In fact, his most important job is to assist the customer in making a wise buying decision. The word selling is defined as: 1. assisting the customer, and
2. helping the customer make a wise buying decision.
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Assisting the Customer
Business in America today is very competitive. In our free enterprise system, there are many businesses that
sell similar products and services. For example, you can purchase a pair of jeans from a department store, a women’s or men's apparel shop, a specialty store, or a discount store. Because customers can purchase the same product or service from more than one business, it is important that businesses provide polite, friendly service to customers. If customers do not receive polite and capable help from salespeople at a business, they may decide to purchase from another business. Salespeople make sure they provide the help customers expect.
Helping the Customer Make a Wise Buying Decision
The most important responsibility of any salesperson is to help customers make wise buying decisions. Customers
have made wise buying decisions when they receive benefits from the products or services they have purchased. These benefits are called buyer benefits. A buyer benefit is the gain or personal benefit customers receive from the products or services they purchase. The salesperson's job is to make sure his customers purchase the products or services which will most benefit them.
The Importance of Selling Selling is important to our economy, to business, and to the American people. In order to understand its importance,
you need to be familiar with some basic facts about each segment of the American economy.
The economy of our country is divided into three phases: production, marketing, and consumption. Production
refers to the physical creation of goods and services. Farming, mining, fishing, lumbering, and manufacturing make up the production phase of our economy. Thousands of goods and services are produced each year. These goods and services, however, do not sell themselves. After goods and services have been produced, they must be made available to consumers for purchase. Marketing is the process through which goods and services flow from the producer to the consumer. Wholesalers and retailers make up the marketing phase of our economy. Selling is the most important marketing function performed by retail and wholesale businesses. Wholesalers buy
from producers and sell to retailers. Retailers buy from producers and wholesalers and sell to consumers. Consumers are the users of goods and services in our society. The process of using goods and services is called consumption.
What contribution does selling make to our economy? The role of selling in our society is to identify and provide
the goods and services that will satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers all depend on customers to purchase products and services. When a business's sales decline, the company usually reduces the number of its employees. The jobs of the many people who produce and provide goods and services, therefore, depend on successful salespeople. When customers purchase products and services, they help create employment in manufacturing, wholesaling, and retailing. Full employment in our country creates additional purchasing power for our consumers. Selling, therefore, assists in maintaining the high standard of living enjoyed in our country.
What contribution does selling make to a business? The role of business in society is to provide the types of
products and services which consumers need and want. It is the job of the salesperson, as the business's representative, to satisfy the customers' needs and wants. Salespeople, and the manner in which they treat customers, can really determine the success or failure of most businesses.
What contribution does selling make to the American consumer? Salespeople are often the only contact a customer
has with a business. Salespeople represent the business to the customer. They should offer sincere, honest, friendly, and courteous service to customers. The salesperson's job is to make sure the customer benefits from purchasing a product or service. Salespeople can save customers time and money by providing product information, showing how a product or service will benefit the customer, and making sure customers purchase the products and services which will best meet their needs and wants.
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71. The main idea of the first paragraph is ________. A. the importance of selling skills in managing a company B. the importance of selling skills in job-hunting
C. the importance of selling skills in one’s personal life D. the importance of selling skills in borrowing
72. Selling is defined in this article as _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________.
73. Business in America today is very competitive, because ___________. A. there are too many kinds of goods B. there are not many customers
C. there are too many similar kinds of goods or services D. there are too many businesses
74. The three phases of the American economy are ____________________. 75. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Salespeople represent a business to the customer.
B. Salespeople must offer satisfactory service to customers.
C. Salespeople should help customers buy the products that will best benefit customers.
D. The success or failure of salespeople has little to do with the success or failure of a business in most
cases.
Passage Sixteen Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from
feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholder. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses' pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.
These reforms have been widely adopted by America's larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more
companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended.
Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss's friends from the board and
replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.
All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, \
boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance. To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales
of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher's big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company's overall success. In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage-which
is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is paradox for the management theorists: any boss who can not beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having not beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.
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