英语写作基础知识普及

2018-12-08 18:07

英语写作基础

第一章英语写作常识与规范

第一节标点符号

1.顿号“、” 英语没有顿号,一般用逗号取代。如:This kind of machine is widely used in India, Russia, the U.S.A. and China. (这种机器在印度、俄罗斯、美国、中国广泛应用。)

2.书名号 汉语书名号为《》,表示书籍、报刊等名称。英语中不用书名号,而是用斜体字表示,以区别于印刷体;但打字或书写时,因没有斜体字,便在书名或刊名下划一横线。例如:I often read the newspaper---New York Times. (我经常阅读《纽约时报》这份报纸。)

3.句号 英语的句号是是实心的小圆点,即 “.”, 常用于陈述句和祈使句之后。而汉语的句号是空心圆圈,即“。”。

4.冒号 英语中的冒号一般只用来对主句进行说明、引申、解释等等,汉语中除有上述相似用法外,更多用于直接引语的说明及一般函件的开头语。例如: The year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.(一年分为四季:春、夏、秋、冬。) 5. 逗号 “,” 在英语中,引起直接引语的说明以及一般函件开头的称呼语等一类用语后都用逗号,而不象汉语那样用冒号。(但美国用冒号)。逗号是英文写作中最常用的标点符号。对中国学生而言,也是最容易出错的地方。因为以中国人写作的思维,只要一句话意思没完,便要用逗号,而对于英文写作,只要句子结构完整便要用句号。例如: 逗号误用:I set out for the biggest bookstore in town, at the school gate I saw a girl of my class, she was going there, too, we decided to go together, we walked, the bookstore was not far away.

正确的句子:I set out for the biggest bookstore in town. At the school gate I saw a girl of my class. She was going there, too. We decided to go together. We walked. The bookstore was not far away.

(我开始去城里最大的书店。 在学校门口我看见了班里的一个女孩, 她也要去那儿, 我们决定一起去, 我们走着,书店就在不远处。 ) 6. 分号 表示短暂而明确的停顿,主要用法有两种。一是连接两个内容相关但语法逻辑上完整的独立分句,分句之间不用连词。分号就相当于逗号与连接词的组合。如:The project was finally completed; we were very pleased.(我们很高兴我们终于完成了计划。) 相当于The project was finally completed. We were very pleased. 或The project was finally completed,and we were very pleased. 7. 省略号 英语的省略是三个实心的小圆点,位于一行的中间。英语etc不能和省略号连用而汉语则可以。如:

正确的句子:There is a pen, two apples, three oranges ect in the box. 标点误用: There is a pen, two apples, three oranges…etc. in the box.

8. 引号 “” 引号用来表示文中的直接引语,英语中单引号和双引号都可用,汉语一般只用双引号,但引号中如再加引号可用单引号。“I heard ?stop thief, stop thief? being shouted, ” he said.

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第二节 文章的总体布局

在写作时,无论是手写还是使用打字机或电脑,都应注意文章的总体布局,如题目的写法、行文的间隔、字体字号的选择等等。题目应放在第一行的中间,第一个单词的首字母和每一个名词、动词、形容词、副词等的首字母都要大写。题目中的功能词如冠词、介词、并列连词、不定式小品词除了作为第一个单词首字母要大写外,其他情景下一般要小写。但among,between,about等双音节、多音节介词也可首字母大写。题目中若有冒号、破折号,其后面单词的首字母应大写。题目的结尾除了可使用问号或感叹号外,不可使用其他标点符号。如: My First Visit to the Summer Palace Dickens and David Copperfield

What Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?

在正文的布局上,段落应清晰,各段的排列应保持一致。每段开头一般应向右缩进4至5个字母的间隔。但在电脑排版中,也可左右都对齐。但在这种情况下,段与段之间应多空一行。无论采用哪种方式,都应注意保持格式的一致。单词与单词之间应留一个字母的间隔,每一完整句之间一般留一个或两个字母的间隔。标点符号应书写清楚,特别应注意英文句点与中文句号之间的区别。

课堂练习

1.指出下列句子中标点符号用法上的错误并加以改正。 1) The job is difficult, however, we will try our best to finish it. 2) The examination was over; and we were overjoyed. 3) As I opened the door, he told me, that I was late.

4) The universal symptom of the suicide impulse, is depression.

5) Tom, Sarah and Mary, are going to join us on the first phase of this project.

6) An employee, who expects rapid promotion, must quickly improve his or her worth.

7) I had a heart-to-heart talk with Linda, and John. 8) We painted the room, pink.

9) Following the instruction the technician installed the machine within one hour. 10) The process may be waiting for a signal, or the process input, may be delayed by network interrupts.

2.给下面的段落加标点,并改正大小写。

you should take clothes for hot and cold climates the desert even though its in africa gets very cold at night in addition dont forget the small essentials water purifying tablets a needle and cotton a pair of sunglasses and one or two good books I also took a penknife a sleeping bag and a stove

第二章 遣词造句

第一节 词的类型

英语词汇极多:《牛津英语词典》收了四十多万个词。当然并没有人认识或需要

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例1

使用这么多词。常人为了一般的目的只用其中很小的一部分。学习用英语写作的中国学生应先学会使用最有用也最常用的词来表达自己的思想。有时初学者会误用一些词,这些词往往并不全错,只是不恰当、不准确、不地道、或不生动。因此,对初学者来讲,对选词的方法有基本的了解是有益的。 常用的词按文体来分有正式的(formal),一般的(general),口语的(colloquial)。 这类词主要用于正式文体,多数源于希腊和拉丁文,其特点是多音节词较多。 如下列单词,前一个是一般词汇,后者是正式词汇。

same---identical, speech---oration, learned---erudite, destroy---annihilate, stiff---rigid, try---endeavor, piece---fragment

而下列词汇前一个是口语化的词汇,后者是一般词汇 ain?t---am not, damn---very, cool---very good

另外,还应注意一些词的感情色彩,例如 country, nation, state, land的原义有相同之处,都相当于中文的“国家”,但它们的涵义却很不同。country指地区、其人口及政府,nation主要指人民,state主要指政府及政治组织,land比country的意思广泛些,而且文雅些,并更有感情色彩。 关于词义中国学生特别要注意一点:不应把一个英语词的中文译法看作它的确切意思,如大家都知道send的意思是“送”,便会造出这样的句子:He came to send me the letter.(应为He brought me the letter.), 或I sent my friend to the station yesterday(应为I went to the station with my friend to see him off. )再如family和home都可译为”家”, 但他们的意思很不一样:family指亲属,而home指住的地方.

第二节 英语写作常见错误与分析

除了措辞不当外,在造句方面中国学生尤其是初学者也经常犯一些错误,如何写出准确得体的英文句子。句子的质量直接影响作者思想内容的表达,而一些最基本的句子层次的错误往往会降低整篇文章的质量。下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析. 一. 不一致(Disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致,时态不一致及代词不一致等.

例1. When one have money, he can do what he want to. (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)

剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.

改为:Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)

二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置

于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例如:

I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末.

三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments) 在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可

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是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.

例1There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.

剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句. 改为:

There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.

四.悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清. 例如:

At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明谁十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了. 改为:

When I was ten, my grandfather died.

例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.

剖析:句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚. 改为:

To do well in college, a student needs good grades.

五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等. 例1. None can negative the importance of money. 剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 改为:

None can deny the importance of money.

六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. (玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析:句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为: We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

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七.不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)

什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。

例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为:

There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或: There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world

八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。学生所接触的词汇主要来自精读和泛读,他们所掌握的词汇有口语、一般用语、正式用语,也有俚语、方言;有美国英语,也有英国英语。他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了解,英语词与近义汉字区别不清。例如: 误: He finally resolved the problem. 正:He finally solved the problem.

resolve 的汉语意思是“使分解”、“解决”,resolve虽有解决之意,只是解决的不是问题,而是contradiction 或doubt, 解决问题应用 \。

又如:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.

(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use(滥用)”。 改为:

The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

而英语则有词性的变化,学生辨别词汇种类的能力不够,同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容词分不清,造成词汇错误。例:

误:The students complaint that there are too much homework. 正:The students complain that there is too much homework. 误:If you work hard, you will be sure to success. 正:If you work hard, you will be sure to succeed.

九.累赘(Redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如: In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.

本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.

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