例１．For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为：
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十．不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是初学者常犯的毛病。
例１．The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为：
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一．综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage) 所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。 例1．
Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
针对学生来说，他们在作文中常犯的语法错误的类型有：名词单复数变化错误；时态不一致谓语或句型出错，句子不完整；介词、冠词遗漏等。 (1) 时态、人称和数用错
汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语动词来说，这些都至关重要。例： 误：They said they can complete the work in three months. 正：They said they could complete the work in three months. 误：My father is a work and my mother is teachers. 正：My father is a worker and my mother is a teacher.
（2) be 动词遗漏 在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：I'm tired. 误：He will sure to come and help me. 正：He will be sure to come and help me.
(3) 句子不完整
有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。
误：Because the kids thought their wages were too low.
正：Because the kids thought their wages were too low, they demanded a high pay.
误：While waiting for the bus.
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正：While waiting for the bus, he talked with the little girl.
(4) 介词、冠词遗漏
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。
误：Because his mistake several people died. 正：Because of his mistake several people died. 误：I have never seen such beautiful picture. 正：I have never seen such a beautiful picture.
课堂练习：
1．选择最恰当的词汇
1）He was born into a revolutionary __________. (home, family)
2）Would you like to stop by my _________ (family, home) and have a cup a of tea? 3）During the fighting a few soldiers were _________ (injured, wounded). 4）In the accident his right leg was ________ (injured, wounded).
5）Later he ________ (found, found out) that the real cause of the fire was negligence on the part of the man on duty.
6）n arriving in the ancient city he _______ (found, found out) that it was very quiet and beautiful.
7）o you know the _________ (cause, reason) why he has resigned?
8）The main _________ (cause, reason) of the stoppage was the insufficient supply of raw material.
9）Empress Dowager Cixi was ________ (famous, notorious) for her cruelty.
10）The enemy troops were driven back when they ________ (attempted, tried) to cross the border.
2．改正下列句子中的错误
1) Much more money is offered in Hong Kong, you can enjoy a more
comfortable life there than in some other cities.
2) Because the operator was careless. The new computer was damaged. 3) One should sift the flour before they make the pie.
4) A group of we manages will fly to the convention next Saturday. 5）.I looked at the tree I had felled with my hands in my pockets. 6）The hostess served toast to her guest that was badly burned.
7）The dealer sold the Mercedes to the town banker with leather seats. 8）She laughed as John raged with delight.
9）He returned the bike to a neighbor that was broken. 10）To get up early, the clock was set at six.
第三章 文章的总体结构及框架
第一节英汉表达的差异
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中国人与西方人看问题的方法的确在许多方面存在着差异，而且这种差异的的确确在束缚着中国学生，成为他们英文写作中的拦路虎，使他们不能畅所欲言，不能准确而简洁地表达思想。首先，让我们关注一下英美人与中国人思维方式的不同。英美人的思维方式是直线式的，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。请看短文：
Soccer is a difficult sport．（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest．（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head．（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others．（4） They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles．
上面的这则短文中，主题句（main idea sentence）也就是文章的中心是第一句，（1）（2）（3）（4）句是用来说明主题句的。
而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说原因后说结果，即所谓的“前因后果”，如果要表达相同的意思，我们通常这样说：
足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。
再比如写下面一则便条，因你母亲突然生病，周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了，你找了舞跳得很好的时黛来代替你，并表示抱歉。 此英语便条为： July 6，2002 Dear Tom，
I am sorry to inform you that I won't be able to go to dance with you this weekend． My mother is suddenly taken ill．In order not to disappoint you，I have asked Shi Dai to take my place．She is a better dancer，I think．My regrets．
Joe
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从便条中可以看出，英语表达先“果”—I won't be able to go to dance with you this weekend后“因”—my mother is suddenly taken ill，即所谓的“先果后因”。
一般来说，在单个句子中，英语句子也是先中心，也就是将主要思想、结果放在句首，放在主句里表达；而汉语正相反，一般为后中心，主要的观点、信息往往放在句末。如：
He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill．因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life．生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
所以说，大学生用英文写作时，就要按照英美人的思维模式进行思考，也就是说要学会用英语进行思维，避免写出中国式的英语。
二、接下来，让我们看一下英汉句子结构的特点。英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系，两种语言相距甚远，英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由断不可缺的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。所以说，英语重形和，汉语重意和。英语句子中如果少了连接词如or，but，if，so，because，when，although ， in order that，so that，所要表达的意思就支离破碎了，而汉语如没连接词，只从句子本身的意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。如：
Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you．你如不能战胜欲念，欲念将要战胜你。
An English man who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China．一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。
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三、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词的广泛使用，使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句，复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。请看下面一个英语长句以及其汉意。
It was on a Sunday evening，when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem，that he heard the gate swing to，and saw the girl coming running among the trees，with the redcheeked， stolid Joe in swift pursuit．一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔出来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。
这是个英语强调句，其重心是：he heard the gate swing to and saw the girl coming running among the trees．，而when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and com posing a love poem是一个时间状语从句，这两个句子通过it was．．．that．．．这个强调句型巧妙地合为一个复合长句，整个句子简单明了，结构紧凑，若用汉语表达则须分成好几个短句。再如： The president said at a conference dominated by questions on yesterday's election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House．在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。
这个英语长句是由一个带有分词短语的主句，两个宾语从句和一个非限制性定语从句组成，整个句子的主干简单明了：The president said．．．that．．．．，若用汉语来表达，须把此长句拆开分成三个单句来分别叙述。
四、英语的另一个显著特点是被动句多。英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作的施行者，就将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、
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