长相一般的人平均收入比人们认为吸引力低的人多五到百分之十。男性和女性都有类似的结果。
What explains these differences in wages? There are several ways to interpret the “beauty premium”.
什么解释了这些差异的工资？有几个方法来解释“美容费”。 One interpretation is that good looks are themselves a type of innate ability determining productivity and wages. Some people are born with the attributes of a movie star; other people are not.
一种解释是，良好的外表本身是一种天生的能力，决定着生产力和工资。有些人是天生的明星的属性，其他人不是。
Good looks are useful in any job in which workers present themselves to the public--- such as acting, sales, and waiting on tables. In this case, an attractive worker is more valuable to the firm than an unattractive worker.
在任何工人们向公众展示自己的工作，好的外表都是有用的。例如：在演员、销售员和服务员等。在这种情况下，一个有吸引力的工人比一个没有吸引力的工人更有价值。
The firm’s willingness to pay more to attractive workers reflects its customers’ preferences.
该公司愿意支付更多给吸引力的员工，反映出其客户的偏好。 A second interpretation is that reported beauty is an indirect measure of other types of ability.
另一种解释是，美是一种间接衡量其他类型的能力。
How attractive a person appears depends on more than just heredity. It also depends on dress, hairstyle, personal demeanor, and other attributes that a person can control.
一个人的吸引力不只是取决于遗传。它还取决于着装、发型、个人举止和其他个人可以控制的因素。
Perhaps a person who successfully projects an attractive image in a survey interview is more likely to be an intelligent person who succeeds at other tasks as well.
也许一个人在调查面试中成功地表现出一个有吸引力的形象，他更可能是一个聪明的人，他在其他工作中也会成功。
A third interpretation is that the beauty premium is a type of discrimination, a topic to which we return later.
第三种解释是，美的溢价是一种区别，我们稍后返回这个主题。 4. Unit 4
The scientific study of population is known as demography. The word comes from the Greek for “measuring people”. But counting heads is only a small part of what demographers do.
人口的科学研究被称为人口统计学。这个词来源于希腊的“测量人”。但统计数量只有人口统计学家做的一小部分。
They also attempt to calculate the growth rate of a population and to assess the impact of such things as the marriage rate and life expectancy, the sex ratio, the age structure on human behavior and the structure of society.
他们还试图计算人口的增长率，并评估如婚姻率和预期寿命，性别比例，年龄结构对人类行为和社会结构这些事物的影响，。 They are interested in the distribution of population and in movements of people. Put another way, demographers study the effects of such numbers on social trends.
他们感兴趣的是人口分布和人口流动。另一方面，人口学家研究的这样的数字对于社会趋势的影响。
Demographers use a number of standard measures in translating a locality’s raw totals--- births, deaths, and the number of those moving in and out--- into general statistics that allow them to identify trends. 人口统计学家使用一些标准的措施在翻译当地的原料总量，出生，死亡，和一些迁入和输出---一般统计让他们以确定趋势。
The birthrate is the number of births per 1000 people in a given years. Suppose there were 900 births in a city of 50000 in a specific year. 出生率是每一年的出生人数1000人。假设有900个出生在一个有50000人城市的在特定的一年。
Demographers calculate the birthrate for the city by dividing the number of births (900) by the population (50000) and multiplying the result (0.018) by 1000 to get 18. The birthrate in developed countries is 1.6; in less developed countries it is 4.0.
人口统计学家计算城市人口出生率以出生人数（900）的除以总人口（50000）的结果（0.018）相乘1000得到18。发达国家的生育率为1.6；不发达国家是4。
The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year. The fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women of the world.
死亡人数为每1000人死亡人数一年。生育率是世界上每1000名妇女的活产数。
As mentioned earlier, population and population growth rates are highest in developing nations and lower in Western nations. These rates are also complicated by mass movements of refugees to and from certain countries.
如前所述，发展中国家和西方国家的人口增长率是最高的。这些比率也很复杂，某些国家的难民群众运动也很复杂。
By 1994 the population of refugees was over 23 million, up from about 10 million refugees worldwide in 1983. Mass movements of people into and out of Afghanistan, Somalia and Mozambique have contributed to this sharp increase. Famine and political upheaval are usually behind these mass exoduses.
1994的难民人数超过2300万，由在1983约1000万难民增长。从阿富汗、索马里和莫桑比克的群众运动对这一急剧增加做出了贡献。饥荒和政治动荡通常在这些群众大规模流亡后发生。 5. Unit 5
One’s cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people.
人的文化身份是人的一个重要方面。文化认同是一些人类从共同的信仰、价值观和态度发展演变而来的。
It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation.
它体现了行为准则和信仰，价值观和态度的方式被传递给年轻一代。 Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. 文化认同还包括亲属关系、婚姻和性关系的方式。
Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American, and Asian American – to name just a few.
在美国，大量的文化身份的例子包括英美，意大利，美国，非洲裔美国人和亚裔美国人的名字只是少数。
Cultural identity transcends ethnic identity, or ethnicity, which refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture. 文化身份是超越种族身份的，或是种族，是指一个国家或文化中的少数群体的地理起源。
Whereas many people learn about their specific ethnic identities from their parents, many more children are born with parents from several ethnic groups.
虽然许多人都了解他们的特殊的民族身份，从他们的父母，有更多的孩子是与父母来自几个民族。
As this increases in the United States, more young people are unclear about their ethnic identity and are simply calling themselves American.