第二节 四步作文法
大学英语四级考试作文要求在30分钟内写出不少于100词的作文,时间和字数上严格限制,字数不够还要扣分,这对一般考生来说是比较紧张的。针对四级考试的作文要求我们提出四步作文法,这里所说的四步作文法不仅包括一般英文写作的方法而且包括一套行之有效的应试作文法。它的具体内容有以下几点: 一、仔细审题(四个确定)
在短文写作中,要做到切题,审题是很重要的一个环节。审题是写作的第一步,也是最重要的一步。审题的目的在于抓住中心思想。在提笔写作之前,首先要看准作文标题,吃透作文要求,弄清楚作文的形式,同时还要研究标题与所给提示句之间的内在联系,抓住短文的中心和关键词。然后理清思路、构思文章,这样写出的短文才会贴近主题。审题要达到4个确定:
1. 确定采用的文体:记叙文、描写文、议论文或书信通知类的文体? 2. 确定写作对象:写人还是记事?解释现象还是讲道理、论是非? 3. 确定写作重点:所论证的命题的主要论据是什么?
4. 确定文章的段落和段落主题:要写几段?每段写什么内容?每段的长度是多少? 二、草拟提纲 (紧扣提示,列出提纲)
只有认真审题之后,才能对文章有整体的把握。然后,就需要拟出提纲来提示和引导短文写作。提纲可以确保作文紧扣主题,便于合理地处理各段落之间的关系以及段落内主题句和扩展句之间的关系,使文章发展条理清楚。
列提纲基本思路:
1)考虑文章的结构,即分几段写。 2)每段基本侧重论说的内容。 3)每段的引言段即主题句如何写。
4)想好或理出阐述主题句的二到四句扩展句。 5)每段的结论或总括本段内容的句子。
6)段落之间及段内句子之间的关系,即应考虑用一些承上启下的关系词语把段、句连起来。
注意,提纲宜用英语的短语、词组简单写成。 例如:
You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the title ―The Rush to Cities‖. You should write at least 100 words and base on your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 近些年来,随着我国经济的发展,大量农村人口涌入城市。 2. 这给城市生活带来一些问题。 3. 我的建议。
通过审题,可以发现文章标题中的“The Rush to Cities”就是汉语提示1中的“大量农村人口涌入城市”这一现象。三个提示分别侧重其“原因,问题,建议”。据此分析,文章写成三个自然段,用事实分析说明此现象的成因(即益处)和它带来的弊处,并提出解决问题的建议。提纲大致可以写为:
第一段: With the economic development in the new century, more and more rural people rush to
large cities, for
(1)a change to work and life (2)earn money
(3)learn new knowledge
(4)with no specific purpose
第二段:However, there emerged some problems with the strong flow of rural people to cities: (1)housing problem (2)more serious problem (3)poor social order (4)dirty environment
第三段:To solve the problem, the following measures should be taken: (1)government help them live orderly
(2)offer them opportunities for training and education
(3)set up labor-intensive factories in rural area, providing job opportunities.
所以,提纲可以提供一个比较清晰的思路,按照它写下去,文章才会切题,并且写的又快又好。
三、实施写作(三段成篇)
大学英语四级考试作文体裁基本上是论说文,而论说文一般包括三个部分:引言段、发展段和结尾段。引言,顾名思义,就是引出话题,引出观点;发展,就是对文章的观点说明论证;结尾,就是对文章的观点总结。引言部分一般由一个自然段组成,发展部分可以分成一到三个自然段,但写100多词的小作文,一般用一个自然段就可以了。结尾部分也用一个自然段。因此有人称四级作文为三段式作文是不无道理的。下面主要介绍这三个方面的写作技巧。
1. 引言段 (introductory paragraph)
常言道:好的开始是成功的一半(well begun is half done),文章的开篇是给评卷者留下好印象的关键一环。由于作文评分主要凭印象打分,处于文章一开始的引言段就首当其冲,给阅卷人第一印象。而从心理学的角度以及评分的实际来说,这一印象在很大程度上决定了阅卷人将这篇文章归于哪一分数段的思想。也就是说,读了第一遍后,不过十几秒的时间,阅卷人已判定了这篇作文的基本分数段,不管后面的文章比前面的好,或写的不如引言段,都不会改变这一判断,最多只有2—3分的差别。
根据一项对阅卷人对文章每一段重视程度和注意程度的调查,我们发现只占全文词数20%到30%的引言段,阅卷人重视和注意程度却正好相反,竞达70%到80%。由于阅卷是一项体脑高度紧张的工作,加上考生的文章普遍较长,不少阅卷人越来越多地把较多时间用于引言段。因此,文章的引言段要适合主题的需要,要有利于下文的展开,或议论或叙述;简明生动,引人入胜,能激发读者的兴趣;引言段要开门见山,揭示主题或全文的主要内容,要交代写作的目的,以唤起读者情感上的共鸣。
下面我们来比较一下同一题目下的两种引言段的写法。例如: The Career I Pursue (1) 我理想的事业是什么? (2) 为什么我选择这个事业?
(3) 我怎样为我理想的事业做好准备。
笔者发现许多考生是以“My ideal career is to be a teacher (doctor, businessman, etc.)”开头的。这样就过于简单了,变成了思考题问答。怎样问,就怎样答,等于没有引言段。
写作是一门艺术,是艺术,就容许而且也应该有虚构,以求最佳的表达效果。如下面就是一个真正的引言段:
In the past two years of my academic life, I have never ceased to think about what kind of career I shall choose upon my graduation. Although my ideas are not consistent, I have now made up my mind that I will be a college teacher.
这就比My ideal career is to be a teacher一句话生动耐读多了。 下面我们将介绍几种四级考试作文题里常用的引言段的写法。 1) 提问法
如果用提问题的方法开始一篇文章,当读者读到这些问题的时候,会产生想知道答案的欲望,继而激发起读者读这篇文章的兴趣。如:
A medical examination without a doctor? Buying books from the bookstore at home? Doing shopping without leaving your home? 2) 借用俗语或名人名言
如果以俗语开头,读者会产生一种熟悉、亲切的感觉。如果是以读者不太熟悉的名人名言开头,读者会产生一种想了解这句话的内涵、增长知识的愿望。如:
Hegel, the German philosopher, says, ―We learn from history that men never learn anything from history.‖ This remark has been confirmed again and again by historical events, one of which is Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union. He must have forgotten or ignored the great disaster Napoleon brought himself by attacking Russia in the nineteenth century. 常用名言和谚语:
(1) Rome was not built in a day.
伟业非一日之功(或:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒)。 (2) When at Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗
(3) All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马。
(4) All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事必先难后易。
(5) While there is life,there is hope.
有生命就有希望(或:留的青山在,不怕没柴烧)。 (6) Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
(7) Storms make trees take deeper roots.
风暴使树木深深扎根。
(8) Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿,无事不成。 (9) Pain past is pleasure.
过去的痛苦即是快乐。
(10) Never accept failure, no matter how often it visits you. Keep on going. Never give up.
Never.
即使再多的失败也不能认输,坚持不懈,永不放弃。
(11) Nothing down, nothing up. 没有落就没有起。
(12) God helps those who help themselves.
天助自助者。
(13) Failure teaches success.
失败是成功之母。 (14) Well began is half done.
良好的开始是成功的一半。
(15) A journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step.
千里之行始于足下。
(16) Believing in oneself is the first step on the road to success.
相信自己是走向成功的第一步。
(17) No pains, no gains.
不劳则无获。 (18) Something attempted, something done.
有尝试就有收获。
(19) No sweet without sweat.
没有辛勤的劳动就没有甜蜜的收获。
(20) Idle young, needy old.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 (21) Never too old to learn; never too late to turn. 学习不厌老,改过不嫌迟。 (22) Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 (23) No waste, no want.
勤俭节约,不愁短缺。
(24) One day is worth two tomorrows.
把握一个今天胜似两个明天。 (25) Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. 脑中有知识胜过手中有金钱。
(26) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
双鸟在林,不如一鸟在手。
(27) Never put off until tomorrow what can be done today.
今天的事情今天干。
(28) To be successful, the first thing to do is to fall in love with your work. 成功的第一要素便是热爱你的事业。 (29) Love makes one fit for any work.
热爱令人胜任任何工作。 (30) A life without friend is a life without sun. 人生没有朋友,犹如人生没有太阳。
(31) Friendship to human beings is what water is to fish.
友谊之于人类正如水之于鱼。
(32) A friend is easier lost than found.
朋友易失不易得。
(33) A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难朋友才是真正的朋友。
(34) Don’t judge a book by its cover.
不要以貌取人。
(35) Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
勤奋出天才。 (36) Honesty and diligence should be your eternal mate.
诚实与勤奋因该成为你终生的伴侣。
(37) Prevention is better than cure.
预防胜于治疗(或:应未雨绸缪)。
(38) To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就是延长生命。
(39) More haste, less speed.
欲速则不达。 (40) Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩(或:百说不如一干)。
(41) The shortest answer is doing.
最简短的回答就是干。
(42) Talking mends no holes.
空谈无补。 (43) Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事,只要肯攀登。
(44) Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。(或:不谋而合)。
(45) Every advantage has its disadvantage.
有利必有弊。
(46) Don’t put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。
(47) A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
(48) Look before you leap.
三思而后行。
(49) Strike the iron while it is hot.
趁热打铁。
(50) The world is his who enjoys it.
世界属于热爱世界的人。
3) 定义法
利用定义法,点明文章的主题,限定其范围,也有利于引出主题,如:
What is advertisement? It is the words or pictures used in media, TV for example, to publicize a certain product or warning to people. 4)用统计数字,将文章展开 如:
The attack on Soviet Union was the largest and fiercest of all that Hitler had lunched, he threw in 190 divisions, 3500tanks, over 5000 planes, and altogether 5.5 million men. 5) 难以置信或耸人听闻的事例开头
以这种方式开头,能立即吸引读者的兴趣。如:
Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one’s muscles also participate. It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our body. 2. 发展段 (developing paragraph)
发展段是用以发展、拓宽引言段中提示出的文章的主题的段落。发展段可由一个或数个段落组成。当然,各段落内容和主题都是从不同方面、角度阐明或论证引言段中的主题。发