在主从复合句中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句(Attributive Clause)，其作用是限制、
描绘或说明主句中的某一单词、短语、另一从句或整个主句。限定性定语从句(Restrictive
Attributive Clause)位于先行词之后，由关系代词(Relative Pronoun)或关系副词(Relative
Adverb)引导，并代替先行词在定语从句中充当一定的句法成分。引导定语从句的关联词
包括：关系代词that，which，whose，wh0，whom，as；关系副词when，where，why。
一、关系代词
1．关系代词wh0，which，that作主语，其谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。
(1)There is still a big problem that／which has not been solved．
(2)The unique contributions of the United States to those wh0／that love the great outdoors are the National Parks．
2．关系代词which，whom作动词或介词宾语。
(1)An effective manager makes certain that employees work on task for which they are well trained and competent．
(2)Human resources are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives．
(3)The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy．
3．关系代词whose作定语。
(1)The business executive whose competence is bolstered is of prime value to his company
(2)You are the only one whose advice he might listen to．
二、关系副词
1．关系副词when作时间状语。
(1)He will always remember the rainy day when she returned from sch001．
(2)July and August are the months when the weather is hot．
2．关系副词where作地点状语，可指某个具体地点或某种抽象的阶段。 (1)I love living in a cozy, peaceful and serene atmosphere where I can go back to being myself．
(2)He has reached the point where a change is needed．
3．关系副词why作原因状语。
(1)I do not know the reason why he gave me a licking． (2)There is no definite reason why she should do so．
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三、as，but引导定语从句 1．as作为关系代词引导定语从句，常用于“such…as”，“s0…as”，“as…as”和“the same…as”的结构中。
(1)He is as great a calligrapher as ever lived．
(2)She is the same person as I saw the day before yesterday．
2．but作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用。 (1)There was not a single student in my class but learn a lot from him． (2)There was no one house but was burnt down．
四、限定性定语从句的使用要点
1．当先行词是all，much，anythin9，somethin9，nothin9，everythin9，little，none等不定代词时，关系代词用that。 (1)All that glitters is not gold．
(2)I can’t give her everything that she asks for．
2．当先等词被形容词最高级或first，last，any, only, few, much，no，same，very等修饰时，关系代词用that。 ，
(1)This is the most exciting film that I've ever seen．
(2)You have made the same mistake that you made last time．
3．当并列的先行词分别表示人和物时，关系代词用that。 He spoke of the people and the things that he had seen．
4．当先行词是代词that时，关系代词用which.
That which upset me most is his manners．
5．在“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词用whom或which。 (1)The official to whom we applied for a permit was most obliging． (2)This is the refrigerator with which we have SO much trouble．
Exercise
Fill in the gaps in the following sentences by using appropriate relative pronouns or adverbs.
1. The passengers and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred (moved) to another plane.
2. The language through which this opposition (反对党) gained strength and organization was the key one of freedom and unity, not of oppression.
3. This fighter who loses his cool the first time he is hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.
4. Science fiction emerges (appears) in this time when these two opposing groups have met and exchanged ideas.
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5. The reason why they now charge more is that prices have kept rising. 6. Conservation is the very value that needs to be added to the old values. 7. We must know such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements. 8. The researcher encourages us to reach a state where work is an extension of what we naturally want to do.
9. There are very few but (except) admire his talents. 10. The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company.
Part IV. Translation
正反译与反正译(二)
反正译，顾名思义就是指对原文中某些从反面表达的词语，在译文中从正面表达。与正反译一样，它同样可用于对原句中名词、动词、形容词、副词和介词等词语的反译。
一、反正译 (一)动词
1．She unlocked the door and turned the handle to open it． 她打开门锁，旋动把手将门打开。
2．The doubt was still unsolved after he repeated explanation．虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
(二)名词
1．The house was in a state of disorder because of the young children．由于有小孩，家里乱七八糟。
2．It was said that someone has sown discord among them．据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。
(三)形容词
1．He failed his examination because his work was careless and full of mistakes． 他考试不及格，因为他做作业总是粗枝大叶的，错误百出。
2．He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious．他这人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
(四)副词
1．I suppose l was indirectly responsible for the whole thing．我想我对整件事情负有间接责任。
2．He carelessly glanced through the note and got away．他马马虎虎地看了一下那张便条就走了。
(五)介词
1．He returned home with no hope on his face．他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。
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2．Students，with no exception，are to hand in their papers this afternoon．今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。
(六)双重否定
1．You cannot make omelettes without breaking eggs．有失方有得。
2．It is no rare occurrence that young people turn a deaf ear to their parents．年轻人对父母之言置若罔闻，已经是司空见惯的事情了。
(七)多余否定
英语句子中有一种形式上是否定的句子，其中的某个谓语动词，就全句的意义来讲，应该是肯定形式，可是英语里常常在这一类句子里用not或n0来否定谓语动词或相应的名词，实际上这种否定成分存在与否都不影响句子的意义。这种不必要的否定，在英语语法中叫做“多余否定”(pleonastic negation)。汉语中也有类似的现象，例如“好不+形容词”这种特殊的结构。像“好不快乐”、“好不高兴”、“好不热闹”等词组中的“不”字就属于“多余否定”。英语的例子有：
1．Here is my composition．Please look it over to see if I haven’t made any silly mistakes．
这是我的一篇作文，请你审阅一下，看看文中是否存在一些很低级的错误。
2．What dirty means would the landlord not resort to! 什么卑鄙的手段那个地主都会使用出来!
(八)各种特定的词语搭配
1．can + not／never + too／over
(1)No man have too much knowledge and practice．知识和实践越多越好。
(2)A book may be compared to be your neighbor；if it be good，it cannot last too long；if bad，you cannot get rid of it too early．
一本书好比你的邻居，如果是本好书，相伴越久越好。如果是本坏书，越整脱它越好。
2．no／not／nothing + more/ less + than
(1)That’s nothing less than a miracle．那完全就是个奇迹。 (2)Nothing agrees with me more than oysters．我最爱吃牡蛎。 3．n0／not／never／nothin9．．．+but／except／until (1)He is nothing but a cheat．他就是个骗子。
(2)She couldn’t have come at a better time．她来得正是时候。
(九)并立否定
英语复合句中有一种特殊的否定形式，即主句的谓语动词是deny，doubt，forbid等表示否定意义的动词，其后面的宾语从句又用一个否定词，而这个否定词是多余可省的，从句是肯定意义，若按字面翻译，译出来的汉语与英语原文背道而驰，这种特殊的否定形式就叫并立否定。例如：
1．He denied that he had no intention of hurting your feeling．他否认他是存心伤害你的感情的。
2．It never occurred to me to doubt that your work would not advance our common
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object in the highest degree．我从没怀疑你的工作会大大推进我们的共同目标。
(十)用否定形式表示肯定意义 1．I'll teach you how to behave，see if／don't．(用否定形式的条件句表示肯定) 我要教你怎样做人，我是说到做到。
2．Nothing is more humiliating than to look poor among a gathering of rich ladies． (用否定形式的比较句表示肯定)
在阔太太们中间露出一副穷酸相是再难堪不过的了。
3．Who among US has not dreamt of that?(用否定形式的疑问句表示肯定) 我们中间谁没有梦想过这个?
4．This flesh air will do you no harm after your being in the house all day．(用否定形式的短语表示肯定)
在屋里待了一整天后，呼吸些新鲜空气对你是大有好处的。
Exercise
Turn the following sentences into Chinese.
1. Everyone acknowledges that Newton was a great man; yet few have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.
2. We don't deny that we lag far behind other advanced countries in science.
3. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains.
4. Deprived as he was of the fluency of speech, we did not feel his kindness less. 5. They desire nothing but to enjoy the present moment.
参考译文：
1. 大家承认牛顿是一位伟大的人物，但是很多人对他生前的为人只有一个大概的了解。
2. 我们并不否认我们在科学方面远远落后于其他先进国家。 3. 常常一个词的基本意义消失了，而其它派生意义仍保留。 4. 他虽然丧失了流利说话的能力，我们仍然感受到了他的亲切。 5. 他们只希望今朝有酒今朝醉。 Bonus
Below are some expressions about agriculture. mechanized farming机械化耕作 ranch大农场，牧场 animal husbandry畜牧业 horticulture园艺
fruit growing果树栽培 organic fertilizer有机肥料 compound fertilizer复合肥料 cross-breeding杂交育种
agricultural tractor农用拖拉机 pest control害虫防治
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