extended延伸 and strengthened加强 over th years by findings in paleontology古生物学and developmental biology.
Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomics - all of which provide significant benefits for human health - would not be possible without the underlying基本的 knoledge of evolution. And, Weis adds, \molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolution works.\evolution remains a politically政治上地, if not scientifically, controversial有争议的issue.
Weis said that this year alone, seven states have had either local or statewide efforts to water down冲淡the teaching of evolution, or \of creationism - a religious belief that different species were created separately by a higher power, such as God. \does anyone now use the word 'creationism,' because that's too obvious,\
1．According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory or evolution is true?
A. Government entities support AIBS‘s effort to defend the theory of evolution. B. School boards oppose反对AIBS‘s effort to defend the theory of evolution. C. AIBS and school boards advocate提倡the teaching of the theory of evolution.
D. The theory of evolution and that of creationism co-exist peacefully in schools.
2. Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin‘s theory?
A. Teaching of creationism diminishes teaching of evolution. B. Teachers are not required to teach Darwin‘s theory. C. teachers often leave out the teaching of evolution.
D. Darwin‘s theory is denied as the central theory of biology. 3. AIBS‘s is composed of
A. more than 80 societies and 250,000 members. B. 250,000 biologists.
C. 80 member organizations.
D. more than 250,000 members and 80 member societies.
4. According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution
A. is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular biology and genomics.
B. is a political issue.
C. is based on genetics, molecular biology and genomics. D. has increased our understanding of human health.
5. Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays?
A. Because ―intelligent design‖ represents the modified theory of evolution. B. Because they believe God created different species. C. Because the term creationism is unscientific. D. because the term creationism is too direct. 重磅阅读
+第四十七篇 Narrow Escape
We had left the hut临时营房too late that morning. When we stepped踏上 outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1 It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen放松，变松rocks岩石 that were gripped 紧握，紧抓by ice.
As soon as we stepped out on to the face表面, it became obvious this was going to be an awkward难对付的；难处理的route路线. The main problem was talus斜面山麓堆积
物, the debris散落的碎片that collects on mountainsides. Talus is despised.
反感 by
mountaineers登山家for two reasons. First, because it can easily be pushed off离开on to you by people climbing above. And second, because it makes every step you take insecure insi'kju不安全的.
For about 30 minutes we moved steadily稳定地,无变化地,有规则地up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered震惊的；心烦意乱的极度疲劳的horizontally水平地and mazed使迷惘，使混乱，迷失 with cracks爆裂声. When I tried to haul拉，拖，拽myself up on a block of it, it would pull out拔出,离开towards me, like a drawer抽屉opening. My hands became progressively wetter逐渐地润湿and colder2. Then came a shout. \Cailloux!\I heard yelled大喊from above, in a female女性的voice. The words echoed 发出回声down towards us. I looked up to see where they had come from.
There were just two rocks at first, leaping跳跃and bounding向某处的；向某方向的
down the face towards us, once cannoning .与…猛撞off each other in mid-air半空中. And then the air above suddenly seemed alive生命 with falling rocks, humming嗡嗡
声 through the air and filling it with使充满 noise. Crack, went each one as it leapt off
跳跃the rock face, then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air, then crack again.
The pause between the cracks lengthened each time, as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further. I continued to gaze凝视，注视up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me. A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall. \far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet钢盔,\in.\
I heard Toby, my partner伙伴，伴侣on the mountain that day, shouting at me. I looked across. He was safe beneath在...下方an overhanging canopy of rock. I could not understand him. Then I felt a thump急速跳动, and was tugged用力拉backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped夹紧 a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid盖子of my rucksack帆布背包.
I looked up again. A rock was heading down straight towards me. Instinctively能地，直觉地，天生地, I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest. What about my fingers, though, I thought: they'll be crushed flat if it hits them, and I'll never get down. Then I heard a crack directly in front of me, and a tug at my trousers, and a yell from Toby.\you all right? That went straight through you.\投掷 in front of me, and passed through the hoop箍状物of my body, between my legs, missing me but snatching夺走 at my clothing as it went.
Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning: what if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways, what if I'd been knocked off, would you have held托住me, would I have pulled you off? A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it. I knew I would not forget it.
词汇：
livid ['livid] adj. 铅色的；青灰色的；非常生气的 awkward ['?:kw?d] adj. 笨拙的；尴尬的；棘手的； grip/ɡrip / n. 紧握；支配 vt. 紧握；夹紧 注释：
1. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was
already livid with colour. 我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。
2. For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it, it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder. 我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手巨剑出汗变得冰冷。
3. Then I felt a thump, and was tugged backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack
然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。
练习：
1. Why was it ―too late‖ by the time they left the hut in the morning? A) It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather. B) The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes.
C) Rocks loosened by melting融化的ice could be dangerous. D) They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.
2. The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is_______. A) that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you B) that it allows people climbing above you to push off C) that it makes people climbing above you feel insecure D) that it can cause other people to push you off the mountain 3. What is likely to be the meaning of \ A) Rocks are flying through the air. B) Rocks are falling.
C) There are loose rocks on the ground ahead. D) There are rocks everywhere.
4. What is sarcastic挖苦的，嘲讽的in the words of the boy in paragraph four? A) He didn't keep his ''face in\
B) Not every climber wears a helmet.
C) It is very difficult not to look up during a rockfall. D) Being hit by a rock isn't \5. In what sense was Toby \
A) The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks. B) He felt a hand on his shoulder.
C) His rucksack was protected.
D) He had hidden under a canopy天篷， 遮篷. 答案与题解：
1. C 本题的问题是：为什么说他们离开小屋的时间晚了？由第一段可以知道答案―It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice. ‖可知岩石的状况已经不是很好了，故此题的正确答案为 C。
2. A 本题的问题是：登山者讨厌斜坡的第一个原因是什么？由原文第二段可以直接得出答 案。―First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. ‖
3. B 本题的问题是：―Cailloux‖这个词的意思是什么？由第三段后半部分与第四段开头可知 这个单词是石头滑落的意思。―it would pull towards me, like a drawer opening‖―There were just two rocks at first, leaping and bounding down the face towards us, once cannoning off each other in mid-air.‖
4. D 本题的问题是：在第四段男孩话语中讽刺的是什么？由第四段―?Why? Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet，‘he told us. ?Face in, always face in.‘‖可知正确答案为 D。
5. A 本题的问题是：Toby安全的标志是什么？由文中第五段―I looked across, he was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. \可以得出答案。
第四十八篇 Finding Enlightenment启蒙运动 in Scotland
In the 1740s, the famous French philosophy哲学 Voltaire said \look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization.\广告for any country, especially when it comes to attracting people in search of a first class education.
Yet some people go even further than that. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modem world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modem life depends - everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread amongst在 ... 之中intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800. At this time, Scotland was home to a number of thinkers who made an important shift改变in the course of Western philosophy. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.