他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让 >01 The Language of Music 音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and 清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理 everyone can see
是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每
it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is
一个音及其发音之道。 他们还
performed.
Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for 必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是
和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来，单纯的技巧没有任何用the
composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs 处。 as long and 艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于 可as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical 以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。 student needs to >02 Schooling and Education
become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, It is commonly believed in the United States that school is for where people
musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that a ballet today dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal children interrupt their education to go to school. The chords would distinction
be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String between schooling and education implied by this remark is players practice important. moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than drawing the bow to schooling. and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note whether in the perfectly in shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes includes are both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's whole responsibility universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own from a difficulties: the revered grandparent to the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound distinguished clear. scientist.
This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music often and how it produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these may lead a person sounds with to discover how little is known of other religions. People are fanatical but selfless authority. engaged in
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, knowledge inclusive
and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before at home in the start
the language of music that they can enjoy performing works of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire written in any life. century. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, 01 音乐的语言 whose
画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。 作general pattern varies little from one setting to the
next. 曲家写完了一部作品，得由
演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是Throughout a country, children arrive at school at 如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职 业演奏者，所以职业歌手和approximately
the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use
职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。
similar
一名学音乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、
textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of
严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。 绝 reality that 大多数的训练是技巧性的。 are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞understanding of the
演 员相当的水平。 歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不workings of government, have usually been limited by the
boundaries of the 能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声
带将不能满足演唱的要求。 弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在subject being taught. For example, high school students know
that they are
左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用
not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political
右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者
problems
必须使所有的音符完全相同协 调。 钢琴家们则不用操这份in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are 心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 experimenting with. 给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。 但调音师们也有他们的难处： There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process
of which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, schooling. the form of
money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to 上学与受教育
在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。 而现在却有人the
认为孩子们上学打断了他们 受教育的过程。 这种观念中的transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms,
return
上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。
privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller
与上学相比，教育更具 开放性，内容更广泛。 教育不受任
should
何限制。 它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作 时，be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total 在厨房里或拖拉机上。 \being
它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。 exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that 传 授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行they may
evaluate a given price. 政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，
也可以是知名的科学家。 上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教\价格\的定义 价格决定资源的使用方式。 价格也是有限的育往往能带来意外的发现。 与 陌生人的一次随意谈话可能产品与服务在买方中的配给 手段。
美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。
人们从幼时起就 开始受教育。 因此，教育是一个内涵很丰品买卖的价格，也包括 名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。
所有 这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。 任何一种个别始了。
教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复
个特定的形 式化了的过程。 在不同场合下，它的基本形式杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的
制约。如果随机挑选一群人，问 大同小异。 在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一
时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，问他们如何定义\价格\，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提
供的产品或服务，买方向其付出 的钱数。 使用大致相同的教材，做作业， 考试等等。
他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货
币量。 该定义就其本 身来说自有其道理。 往往受到科目范 围的限制。
例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑政治问题的真情， 也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪到大量\非货币\因素的影响。 买卖双方不但要清楚交易中
的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和 些尝试。
数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。
付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、 交货条款、退赔权利等等。 >03 The Definition of \
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the 也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物means by 价 格的通盘细节。 which products and services that are in limited supply are >04 Electricity rationed among The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex electric network composed lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the imagine what economy as life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, well as those of a myriad of services, including people labor, grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The streets because interrelationships of all these prices make up the there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent \refrigerators. is
linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a everything seems little more
to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask than two centuries a group ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for of randomly selected individuals to define \many millions of would reply that years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a world may product or hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit service or, in other words, that price is the money humanity. value of a All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart product or service as agreed upon in a market beats, transaction. This it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete which a
understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. more than The brain, the amount of money involved must be known. Both the too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded buyer and the seller in an
should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by amount and most living
quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive place at instruments are
needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle suitable site had cells have to be provided for performances and when the entire community become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not did not participate, a clear division was usually work as made between
muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells the \ area\ and the are linked \ In addition, there were performers, together, the effects can be astonishing. and, since
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in as the
much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. which it Wearing
lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, volts.) As animals, or
many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in body are hunt or
specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor shock it might. can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated 电 当今时代是电气时代。 人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电from religious 话早已司空见惯以致很难想 象没有它们生活会变成什么样。 activities. 当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索； 因没有红 绿Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest
in
灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，导致
storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or
食物变质。人们只是在两个世
other
纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of 经历过了数百万年。 科学家不 impersonation,
断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the
assumption of each 密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的 电脉冲。
theory 当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这of the roles by a different person. A closely related
可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在traces theater
to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and
脑电图上记录下来。
gymnastic or that
许多生物细胞发出的电流都是 极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器 are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 才能记录和测量。 但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一戏剧的起源 关于古希腊戏剧的起源存在着多种理论，其中个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。 一个最普遍为人接受的理论 假设认为戏剧从仪式演化而来。 这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 非常令人吃这个观点是这样进行论证的：一开始，人类把世界上的自 然惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。 它可以在水中发力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。 他们试图通过出相当于 800 伏特电 各种方式去控制这些未知的、
压电流(家庭用户的电压只有 120 伏特)。 在电鳗的身体令人恐惧的力量。 那些似乎带来了满意结果的手段就被保里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用 来发电，而且发出的电流留下来并且重复直到这些手段固 化为不变的仪式，最后产生的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。 了能够解释或者掩盖这些仪式神秘性的故事。 >05 The Beginning of Drama 随着时间的推移， 一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称作神There are many theories about the beginning of drama in
话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。
ancient Greece.
The one most widely accepted today is based on the 认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人们还认为那些仪式包含了戏剧
的基本因素，因为音乐、舞蹈、 assumption that drama
evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. 面具和服装几乎经常被使用，而且，必须为演出提供一个合In the 适的地点；如果不是整个社区共 同参加演出，经常在\演出beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the 区\和\观众席\之间划分出明显的分界。 world - even the 另外，仪式中还有演员， 而且宗教领袖通常承担演出任务，seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through
因为在仪式的执行中避免错误的发生被认为有相当大的重
various means
要性；他们经常带着面具，穿着服装象演员那样扮演其它人、
to control these unknown and feared powers. Those
动物或超自然的生灵，用动作 measures which
appeared to bring the desired results were then retained 来表演以达到所需要的效果，比如打猎的成功或战斗的胜利、
将至的雨、太阳的复活。 最 后这些戏剧性的表演从宗教活and repeated
until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose 动中分离了出来。 which 另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论认为它来自人 们对叙述故事的explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed 兴趣。 根据这个观点，故事(关于狩猎、战争或者其它伟绩)some rituals
是逐渐丰富起 来的。
were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted
首先通过一个讲解人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不
and provided
同的人扮演各自的角色； material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue 另一个与之紧密相关的理论将戏剧的起源追溯至舞蹈，这些
舞蹈大体上是有节奏感的和体操 式的那一类，或者是对动物that those
rites contained the seed of theater because music, 动作和声音的模仿。 dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a
简单说来，电视是以这种方式工作的，通过一个复杂的电子>06 Television 系统，电视能够将一幅
Television -- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern 图像(这幅图像被聚焦在一部摄像机内的一块特殊的光导底technologies,
片上)转换成能经过导线或电缆 发送出去的电子脉冲信号。
marked by rapid change and growth -- is moving into a
当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)时，就可以用
new era, an era
of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises 电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像。但是，电
视不仅仅是一个电子系统，它还 to reshape
our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, 是一种表达工具和传播渠道。 因此，电视成了一个对其他made 人发生影响的强大工具。电视这 个领域可以根据其发射方式possible by the marriage of television and computer分为两类。 technologies. 第一类为广播电视，通过电视信号的宽带无线电波 发射展现The word \its Greek (tele: distant) and
在大众面前；第二类为非广播电视，使用受控的发射技术来
Latin
(visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a 满足个人以及某些特殊
distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a 利益群体的需要。电视早已成为大众媒介。 我们熟悉广播
电视，因为广播电视已经以类似 目前的方式存在了大约 37 sophisticated
system of electronics, television provides the capability 年。 of 在那些年头中，电视绝大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 这 些converting an image 广播电视公司控制着，这些广播电视公司一直是新闻、信息(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) 和娱乐的主要提供者。 这些 into
广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，而且也塑造了我们对
electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.
电视的理解。 我们渐渐把显像 管看作是娱乐的来源，让自These
impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be 己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。
>07 Andrew Carnegie electronically reconstituted into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel
industry in means
became one of the of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as the United States, and, in the process,
wealthiest men in such becomes
America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two product
and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of categories
determined by its means of transmission. First, there is economic
decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their broadcast
television, which reaches the masses through broad-based investments.
Carnegie believed that individuals should progress airwave
transmission of television signals. Second, there is through hard
work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should nonbroadcast
television, which provides for the needs of individuals or use their
fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring specific
instead to provide educational opportunities that interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the would allow
others to help themselves. \who dies rich, dies masses. We are
most familiar with broadcast television because it has disgraced, \
often said. been with us for
about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.
Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those During
those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the that bear his
name, including broadcast
of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major the Carnegie Institute
museum of fine purveyors of news,
information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school
of have actually
shaped not only television but our perception of it as technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other
philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for well. We have
come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, International Peace
to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute placing
of our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
电视电视--以快速变化与发展为标志的最普遍、最具有影响力Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to 的一项现代技术，正在步 入一个极端复杂化与多样化的新时provide a
center for the arts.
代。
Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's
这个时代承诺重新塑造我们的生活和我们的世界。 这可以称generosity. His
得上是又一次电子革命，其关键在于电视技术与计算机技术contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 的结合。\电视\这个词 libraries
来源于希腊语词根(tele：远)和拉丁语词根(vision：景象)，可in small communities throughout the country and formed the
nucleus of the 以从字面上理解为来自远处的 景象。
public library system that we all enjoy today.
安德鲁〃卡内基 被称作钢铁大王的安德鲁〃卡内基在美国次革命并不是对政治和社会框架的一次突然和猛烈的颠覆，建立了钢铁工业。 在这个过 程中，他变成了美国最富有的象后来在已经是独立国家的法国 和俄国所爆发的革命那样。 人之一。 革命带来了重大的变化，但并非翻天覆地，所发生的只是进他的成功，部分来自于他销售产品的能力，部分来 自于经济化 的加速，而不是一场彻底的革命；在冲突期间，人们仍然萧条时期的扩充策略。 在萧条时期，他的多数对手都在缩上班、做礼拜、结婚、玩耍。 多 减投资。卡内基认为个 数人并没有受到实际战斗的严重影响。 许多较闭塞的社区人应该通过努力工作来获得进展，但他也强烈地感到有钱人对这场战争几乎一无所知。美国 独立战争宣布了三个现代国应该运用他们的财富来为社会谋 取福利。 他反对施舍救家的诞生，其中一个是加拿大。 济，更愿意提供教育机会，使别人自立。 加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流 入人口来自于成千上万英王卡内基经常说：\富有着 死去的人死得可耻。\他对社会的较的效忠者， 这些人从美国逃到了加拿大。 另一个国家是澳重要的贡献都以他的名字命名。 这些贡献包括匹兹堡卡 内大利 基学校。 亚，因为美国不再是容纳罪犯和欠债者的国度了，澳大利亚这个学校有一个图书馆，一个美术馆和一个国家历史博物馆；就变成了一个惩治罪犯的殖民地
他还创立了一所 技术学校，这所学校现在是卡内基 梅隆大(注：独立战争前，英国政府将罪犯流放到美国)。 第三个国学的一部分；其他的慈善捐赠有为促进国家间了 家就是美国，它完全建立在共
解的\卡内基国际和平基金\，为科学研究提供经费的华盛顿和原则基础上。即使政治上的颠覆也不如人们可能想象的那卡内基学院以及给各种艺术活动 样具有革命性。 在一些州，特 别是康涅狄格和罗德岛，战提供活动中心的卡内基音乐厅。安德鲁〃卡内基的慷慨大度争基本上只是承认了已经存在的殖民地的自治。
几乎影响到每个美国人的生活。 由于他超过五百万美元的捐 四处被驱逐的 英国官员都被本土的统治阶级所替代，这个款，2500 统治阶级迅速地以地方权力机关来替代国王和议 会。 个图书馆得以建立起来，遍布在美国各地的小村镇， 形成了>09 Suburbanization
If by \我们今天还在享用的公共图书馆系统的核心。
than its >08 American Revolution
suburbanization The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a already developed interior, the process of
began during the radical or
emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the total change. It was not a sudden and violent
nineteenth overturning of the
political and social framework, such as later occurred century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact
cluster in in France
and Russia, when both were already independent which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed
by horse and cart. nations.
Significant changes were ushered in, but they were But the early factories built in the 1830's and
1840's were not
breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution located along waterways and near railheads at the edges
of cities, rather than
and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on
the prospect of working and
praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by
proliferating mill disturbed by
the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated towns of apartments and row houses that abutted
the older, main communities scarcely
knew that a war was on. America's War of Independence cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to
enlarge their heralded the birth of
three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its firsttax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In
1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed large
most of influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of
Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took loyalists who
fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, place in Chicago
and in New York. Indeed, most greatcities of the United States which became a
penal colony now that America was no longer available for achieved
such status only by incorporating the communities along their prisoners and
debtors. The third newcomer -- the United States -- based itself borders.
With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban squarely
crowding and on republican principles.
Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one accompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach
disastrous might
suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful
electric Island, the
war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already traction line was developed. Within a few years
the horse-drawn existing. British
officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks
crisscrossed and home-grown governing
class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king andconnected every major urban area, fostering a wave
of Parliament.
美国革命 美国革命其实并不算是一场革命，因为它并未导suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial
city into a
致完全的和彻底的变化。 这