dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale momentary suburbanization was popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the never accepts urban Middle certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods their collective far from the memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family words to housing describe familiar objects and events. tracts. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three 郊区的发展 如果\郊区\指的是比已建好的城市内部发展更cultural 为迅速的城市边缘地带，那 么郊区化可以说始于 1825 年至 conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang
expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new 1850 年工业化城市出现期间。
objects and
在这之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。 在其中，人
situations in the society; second, a diverse
们步行走动，商品靠马车来运送。 但是建于 18 世纪三四
population with a
十年 large number of subgroups; third, association among the 代的早期工厂位于城边的航道和铁路附近，被工作机会吸引subgroups and the 到这里的成千上万的人们需要住 房。 majority population.
渐渐地，在与旧有的主要城区相毗邻的地方，不断涌现出由Finally, it is worth noting that the terms \
\ 排房和公寓楼组成的工人
聚居区，包围了工厂。作为对这种侵蚀的自卫，也为了扩大\for scholars who study
language. Only
它们收税的地域范围，城市吞并 了工业化的临近地带，比如
a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware
1854
that they are
年费城的城区就兼并了费县的绝大部分地区。 相似的城市 using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of 化也发生在芝加哥和纽约。 今天很多美国的大城市其实就English will, 是靠吞并它们附近的边缘地区而 during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of 变成大都会的。随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重expressions.
语言的类型 标准用法包括那些为使用这种语言的大多数人拥挤和相伴而来的社会压力。 当
在任何场合下理解、使用和 接受的词和短语，而不论该场合1888 年第一条商业上成功的电气化铁轨被制造出来时，压力是否正式。 开始接近危机的程度。 几年之 这些词和短语的意义已很确定并被列入了标准 词典中。 相内，马车就被废弃了，电车网相互交织连接着各个重要的城反，俗语是指那些几乎所有讲这种语言的人都理解并在非正区，从而形成了一种郊区化的潮 流，即密集的工业城市转变式的口头或书面中 成了分散的都市。 使用，却不适用于更正规的一些场合的词和短语。 几乎所此时城市中产阶级的出现进一步加强了第一 波大规模郊区有的习惯用语都属于俗语，而俚
化。 这些中产阶级希望在远离老旧城市的地区拥有住宅，语指的是为很多讲这种语言的人理解但大多数人不把它们列单一家庭住宅地区 的开发者满足了他们的愿望。 入好的、正式用法之内的词和短 语；俗语甚至俚语都可能在>10 Types of Speech 标准字典中查到，但是字典中会标明它们的性质。
Standard usage includes those words and expressions 俗语和俚语 词汇的应用都是口头较多、笔头较少。俗语用understood, used, 法经常地被接受为标准用法。 一些俚语也变 and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any
成了标准用法，但另外一些俚语只经历了短暂的流行，而后
situation
regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and 就被弃之不用了。 有时候，多 数人从来不接受某些俚语，
但是他们把这些俚语保存到集中记忆中。 expressions
are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. 每一代人似乎都需要 独有的一套词汇来描述熟知的物体和Colloquialisms, on 事件。 很多语言学家指出，大量俚语的形成需要三个 the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are 文化条件：第一，对社会中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一understood by almost 个由大量子群构成的多样化人口；
all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, 第三，各子群与多数人口之间的联系。最后需要提到的是，\but not
\俗语\和\俚语\这些 术语只是对研究语言的专家才considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all 标准语\、
有用的抽象标签。 idiomatic
expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers 不论何种语言，只会有很小一部分使用者
能够意识到他们是在使用俗语或俚语。 讲英语的多数人能to words and
expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not 够在适当的场合中选择使用所有 这三种语言类型。 accepted as >11 Archaeology
good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary expressions and discipline.
even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, will be so not mere
identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, in speech an than in writing. archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some has slang also created the human world in which we live -- and us ourselves passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy in so far as
we are each creatures of our age and social environment. 在短时期内，能留下考 古记录的东西也都会退化为石头、骨Archaeological 头、玻璃、金属和陶器的碎片。 然而，现代考古学通 data are all changes in the material world resulting from 过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，在从泥炭、沙漠和冻土中human action or,
所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下， 能够填充这个空缺的很大
more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior.
部分。
The sum total of
these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. >12 Museums
From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to This record
exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the Dallas,
museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale consequences of
which produce a rather superficial contrast betweenexpansion
programs. These programs already have radically altered facades archaeological
and floor history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.
Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.
In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up as
vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the and out into
the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing material world
and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort to do so.
The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but of
trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured one factor
is a consideration everywhere -- space. With collections by a
dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troopsexpanding, with
the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has on the
battlefield may \s is equally become a very
ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps precious commodity.
Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the worse, most
organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, Philadelphia
Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades wool,
linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in and which
received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the dust in
a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional space
crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in conditions. In a
relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to considering
acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases mere scraps
of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern passing up
opportunities to strengthen its collections. archaeology, by
applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, Deaccessing -- or selling off -- works of art has taken on new
importance aided by a few
lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to because of the museum's space problems. And increasingly,
curators have fill up a
been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into good deal of the gap.
public
考古学
view while another is sent to storage.
考古学是历史学的一个来源，而不是地位卑微的辅助学科。
Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space,
考古学资料本身也是一种 历史文献，而不仅仅是文字资料的however, 例证。 \out of its envelope in 正象任何一位历史学家那样，考古学家研究调查 并尽力去重the next
构一个过程。 这个过程创造了我们生活的人类世界，也创fifteen years,\according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's
president. 造了我们自身，因为
我们都是我们所处的时代和社会环境的产物。 考古学的资博物馆 从波士顿到洛杉机，从纽约到芝加哥、到达拉斯，所料就是人类行为所造成的物质变 化。 更简洁地说，是石化有的博物馆或者正在筹划、建造或
者正在完成大规模的扩建计划。 这些计划或者已经根本性了的人类行为。
或者预期在不久的将来这些变化的总和构成了我们所说的考古学记录。 这些记录自地改变了博物馆门面与展厅的设 计，
有其独特和不足之处，因而导致人们对考古历史和更熟悉的会这样做。
单单在纽约市，六个主要机构或者已经向空中和周 围扩展，文字记载历史进行相
当肤浅的对比。并不是所有的人类行为都留下化石。 我说或者正准备这样做。大家一致行动的原因是复杂多样的，但
其中的一个因素是普遍 考虑的空间问题。 的话，你通过空气振动听见，这
当然是人类造成的物质变化，也可能有重大的历史意义，但随着收藏品的增多，也随着博物馆的需要和功能的变化，空这些话在考古学中未留下丝毫痕 迹，除非有人用录音机录下间已经变成 了一项非常珍贵的商品。在我国，也许没有任何
其他地方比费城艺术博物馆更符合这个事实。 来或文书把这些话写了下来。
战场上军队的行动可能\改变历史 的进程\，但从考古学的观这个博物馆几十年来一直需要额外的空间，十年前进行了最点来看，这同样是难以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多数有机物后一次重大的翻新。 由于空间
紧缺，该艺术博物馆在考虑购买与受赠艺术品已越来越谨慎，质会 腐烂。
任何由木头、生皮、绒线、亚麻、草、毛发以及相似物质做有时甚至放弃增强艺术收藏的 成的东西除非在一些非 常特殊的条件下，几年或几个世纪以机会。由于博物馆的空间问题，将艺术品脱手或者说卖掉已
经有了新的重要意义。 博物馆 后，会在尘土中腐烂并消失。
馆长们被迫巧妙轮换利用陈列馆的空间，轮流着把一些艺术
杰作向公众展出，而把另一些送 单单纽约市的二个世界贸易中心大楼如果完全 被占满的话，入存储室中。虽然对额外的陈列室和存储室空间需要很明显，每年就会产生 2，250，000 加仑的污水。 这相当于康涅狄但据费城艺术博物馆经理讲： 格州的斯坦福市这 样大的城市一年所产生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市拥有 \博物馆还没有在未来十五年打破这个束缚的计划。\109，000 人口。 >13 Skyscrapers and Environment >14 A Rare Fossil Record
In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in their attention the
to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered were widely by
criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be a fossilized.
city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being capacities. preserved than did
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to power. In live in
one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization skyscraper required
office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, electricity little
by 120, 000 kilowatts -- enough to supply the entire city of scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves Albany, New to jumble York, for a day. and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat Given these loss (or factors, some areas have become a treasury of gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten well-preserved times ichthyosaur fossils.
that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an To interesting case lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, equipment, builders of bituminous
skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the reflective years,
glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and reduce glare invertebrates have been
as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation isskyscrapers raise the outstanding, but
temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring what is even more impressive is the number of buildings. ichthyosaur
Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too. fossils containing preserved embryos. If Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York levels of the City would shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year -- as specific site much as a was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of time. The more than embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; 109, 000. their paddles, 摩天大楼与环境 for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even 60 年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，那些preserved in the
birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many 崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到 了广泛的批评。
生态学家指出，城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停newborns
that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
车场的承载能 力造成过重的负担。摩天大楼还是电能的过度
Why are there so many pregnant females and young at
消费者与浪费者。 最近的某一年，纽约市摩
Holzmaden when they
天写字楼 1，700 万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost 求量提高了 120，000 千瓦。 这 unmatched and
些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an
awareness of 摩天大楼特别地浪费。 通过半
英寸的平板玻璃墙壁损失(或增加)的热量是典型的加入绝缘the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the
interesting question of how there came to be such a板的石墙所允许的热量损失(或 增加)的十倍以上。
concentration of
为了减轻取暖设备或空调设备的压力，摩天大楼的建造者们
pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their
已经开始使 用双面上釉的玻璃镶板和涂上了金色或银色反time of 光薄膜的反光玻璃，来减少强光照射和热量的 giving birth.
增加；但是，镜面的摩天大楼会提高周围空气的温度并会对罕见的化石记录 胚胎与幼体被保存下来在化石记录中是少附近的建筑物产生影响。摩天大 楼也对城市的卫生设施造成见的事情。微小纤细的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的动物了沉重的压力。 拆散了，或者被风化作用破坏掉了。
鱼龙比起陆地的动物 有更大的几率被保存下来，因为它们作rewards
that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself 为海洋动物常生活在腐蚀性较小的环境中。 但是它
们的石化需要一系列因素：软组织的腐烂速度缓慢，很少被considerable, but it
also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.
其他动物残食，缺少混杂、冲走 小骨头的快速水流和波浪，
诺贝尔委员会
以及相当快地被掩埋。
过去的 82 年里，瑞典的诺贝尔委员会决定了谁将获得诺贝
当这些因素存在时，某些地区就会变成 一个充满保存完好的
尔文学奖，因此也就决定了 谁将从伟大或近乎伟大荣升为不
鱼龙化石的宝库。在德国获尔兹梅登，那儿的沉积物给人们
朽。
提出了一个 有趣的分析案例。
但在今天，该委员会却遭到了评选委员会内外的猛烈 批评。
人们在黑色的、含沥青的海洋页岩中发现了约 19，000 年前
批评者们争论说：\评选获奖者时，起作用更大的不是真实的
沉积下来的 鱼龙化石。
写作能力，而是该委员
几年时间内，在这些岩石中取得了数以千计的海洋爬行动物、
会以及瑞典特有的内部政治。 按照瑞典两家主要报纸之一
鱼类以及无脊椎 动物的标本。
的文化版编辑 Ingmar Bjorksten
它们的保存质量非常的好，但更令人称奇的是保存下来的育
的说法，该文学奖仍然是\人们所说的一种非常瑞典式的做
有胚胎的鱼龙化 石数目。 在获尔兹梅登附近一个小地区的
为：反映瑞典口味\。对于其评选
六个不同的页岩层中分别发现了育有胚胎的鱼龙
过程中目光短浅的指责，该委员会辩护说，该委员会与世界
化石。 这表明大量的鱼龙经年累月重复使用一个特定的地
几大文学之都相距遥远，实际上 使该委员会免受外来的干
点。 那些胚胎已经发育得相当完 整了。 比如，它们的蹼
扰。
桨已经完全形成了。
这也许是对的，但批评者们反驳说，也正因为相距如此遥远，
有一个标本甚至被保存在产道中。 而且，那 块页岩包含着
该委员会才不能准确地把握文学界的真正趋势。尽管对评选
很多在 20 到 30 英寸之间的新生幼体的化石。为什么在其
程序存在着关注，该文学奖将继
他地方那么稀少的怀
续作为世人最为推崇的文学的标志而存在，并将继续是作家
孕雌兽和幼体在获尔兹梅登却那么多呢? 因为其保存质量
们难以达到却又会不断追逐的目 标。
几乎举世无双，采集工作的进行一 直是一丝不苟的。
如果不考虑其他因素，而仅仅考虑与之俱来的经济利益，该
大家都认识到这些化石的价值极其珍贵，但这些因素并不能
奖也将继续为人所渴求：
解释这个有 趣的问题： 为什么在一个特定的地点会如此集
这不仅因为该奖本身就是一笔可观的现金收入，而且该奖还
中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群呢?
将极大地增加一个作家的著作的 销量。
>15 The Nobel Academy
For the last 82 years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who >16 The War between Britain and France
In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every will receive
the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will corner of
Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West be elevated
from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Indies, and
Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war Academy is
coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from during
this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles within. Critics
contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do were
ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially with true
writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the related to its antagonists' goals and strategies. France sought total
domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British Academy and
of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural independence and
Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;editor for
through one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize
treaties, Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in continues to represent
\people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish concept to
today's NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all tastes.\
Academy has defended itself against such charges of major European
conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as provincialism in its
selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great they had
very unequal strengths: France was predominant on land, Britain literary
capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy at sea. The
French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their from outside
influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that only hope
of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British this very
ships. distance may also be responsible for the Academy's
Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its inability to
military perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.
domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to
Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it Calabria. All of this
entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the seems that
military the prize will
continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we resources to control this much territory and still protect itself
and most
highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for nomaintain order at home.
French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would other
reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial provide the
force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would
give France sleep is
a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently deemed necessary immobilized by
because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep because deeply at all? Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have with fewer evolved? Perhaps
forces. Napoleon never lost sight of his goal, one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found because Britain in the represented the last substantial fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that general seem to sleep goal, very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an the ocean. immediate Could it be that, rather than increasing an attack. animal's
vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse英法战争
Webb of the 在 18 世纪后期，战争爆发于欧洲大陆的几乎每一个角落，
University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University 在中东、南非、西印度群岛、 拉丁美洲亦都是如此。
have suggested
然而实际上，在这一时期只有一场主要的战争，那就是英法
this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are
之间的 战争。 所有其他战争都服从于这一更大的争端，至
too stupid
少是与这两个对手的目标和战略有某些 关联。 to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of 法国力图统治整个欧洲，而英国的自主及其力图在整个欧洲high risk, 大陆挫败拿破仑的种种 immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems 努力都是法国实现这一目标的障碍。英国通过条约建立了联particularly
盟(和今天北约的概念没有什么 不同)以保证英国插手所有欧clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting
notion and 洲的主要争端。
probably at least partly true.
这两个对头并不是一对好对手，因为他们的力 量极不均衡：
睡眠的进化
法兰西在陆地上称王，英格兰则在海上称霸。 法国人明白，
睡眠是古老的。 从脑电图上看，我们人类和所有灵长目动
如果不能击败英
物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠；甚至爬
国海军，他们胜利的唯一希望就是让欧洲的所有港口都对英
行类动物也有睡眠。
国舰船关闭。 于是，法国将其
有证据显示，有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这
军事占领从莫斯科延伸到里斯本，从尤特兰延伸到卡拉布里
两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。 从统计上看，
亚，企图以此来制服英国。 所
食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠，而被捕食动物更
有这些行动包含着巨大的风险，因为法国并不具备足够的军
多地无梦睡眠。
事资源，来控制这么多地盘，同 时又能保护自己，维持国内
动物在有梦睡眠时，被有效地解除动作能力， 并且对外界刺
的秩序。法国战略家们的算盘是，其海军若拥有
激缺乏反应。 无梦睡眠则要浅得多。 我们都看到过猫和
150 艘军舰，则 将足以击跨英国海军。 这样的武力将使法
狗在显然的酣睡中，
国对英国具有 3 比 2 的优势。 这种优势被认为是
有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。 被捕食动物很少有深度的有
必不可少的，因为英国人具有超群的海上技能和技术，并且
梦睡眠，这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。
打的是一场防御战争，使它能以 少胜多。
而且这一点是有道理的：当睡眠高度进化以后，愚笨的动物
拿破仑从未忘却他的目标，因为英国是他统治全欧的最后一
比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。
个重大的障碍。 随着 他的力量越来越靠近这个目标，拿破
但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状
仑变得越来越不耐烦起来，开始策划立即攻击。
态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极
>17 Evolution of Sleep
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we 少，这一事实可以给睡眠的根本
功能提供有用的线索。 海洋中是没有藏身之处的。 会不会share it
with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and 是这样，睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性，反而是减少birds: it may 了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse extend back as far as the reptiles. Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。 可以There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and 想像得出，在危险的时刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 dreamless, 持安静的动物，会不由自主地变得动弹不得。 这一点在食depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are
肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。 这是一个很有意思的
statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in
看法，它至少部分是正确的。 turn much
more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the >18 Modern American Universities
Before the 1850's, the United States had a number of small animal is
colleges, powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to
most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all church connected
institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral witnessed cats or
dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. character of
their students. The fact
that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had
developed, bearing be a
product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of