本例中的现在完成时用于表示某个动作发生的起点在过去，这个动作一直持续到现在，并还有可能持续下去。这样的句子通常会加上for或since引导的时间状语。 He has been a teacher here since 1981.他自1981年起就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续在这儿教很多年） I haven?t seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。 注意：如果句子中的谓语表示持续的动作含义，现在完成时结构中的动词需使用持续性动词，而不可使用短暂性动词。 英语中的动词，是学习中的重点，又是难点。根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 可以表示持续的行为或状态的动词，叫做“延续性动词”，也叫“持续性动词”，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.有的表示短暂、瞬间性的动词，叫做“终止性动词”，也可叫“短暂性动词”，或“瞬间性动词”，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc. 终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系，不能表示动作的延续，因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。 下面我来归纳一下解决这种问题的四种方法： 1). 用ago时间状语短语来代替since或for引导的时间状语： e.g. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong) Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong) 应改为: He returned from America two years ago. 2)．用It is… since…复合句代替简单句 e.g. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America. 注意：以上两种办法适用于所有终止性动词。 3)．用相应的形容词和副词代替终止性动词。 e.g. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years. 4)．用延缓性动词代替终止性动词。 如: come →be, come to →be in / at, go out→ be out, leave →be away from, begin →be on, stop→ be over， buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open →be open, close →be closed, join →be a member of/ be in, put on→ wear die →be dead, catch a cold →have a cold, get to know →know, arrive/reach→be fall asleep →be asleep, fall ill→ be ill become →be get up →be up finish --- be over, open sth --- keep sth open 例: The old man died 4 years ago. ----The old man has been dead for 4 years. --- It is 4 years since the old man died. ----Four years has passed since the old man died. - 6 - 新尚教育·教学管理部
但须注意：终止性动词的否定式可以和since 或for 引导的时间状语连用。因为终止性动词的否定表示的是一种可以延续的状态。 e.g. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong) I haven?t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right) 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，强调动作； 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。如： I’ve lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿) I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了) I’ve got no news from him. 我没听到他的消息。(不知道他的情况怎样) I got the news from Jim. 这消息我是从吉姆那听来的。(单纯谈论动作) 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week, (ten years??) ago, in1980, in October, just now等。 现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, already, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等 have been in / have been to / have gone to 的区分： have been in: 表示去了某地且仍然在那里，一般与for /since 连用； have been to： 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那个地方了，已经离开了； have gone to：表示现在已经去了某地，注意不能和for /since 连用； My father has been in Britain for three month. My father has been to Britain twice. My father has just gone to Britain. since 和for 的异同： 同：1）两介词都用于现在完成时的句子中， 2）与for ,since 连用的动词必须用延续性动词，而不能用短暂性动词 come —be here go ——be there join—— be a member borrow ——keep leave ——be away 异：1）for 后面加的是“一段时间” since 后面加的是时间点，而且后面跟的是过去时间。 比较： I have been away from Shanghai for seven years. (√) I have left Shanghai for seven years. (×) since用法: 过去的时间点（a period of time in the past） - 7 - 新尚教育·教学管理部 since + 一段时间（a period of time）+ ago 从句（谓语用非持续性动词的过去时） He has taught English at this school since 1993. I haven?t seen him since three years ago. Great changes have taken place here since you left. 含有since的句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时，动词要用延续性动词，否则要用：It is+time+sb.+V.ed 注意：表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。 It’s a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。 It’s about six months since we arrived here. 我们到这里大约有半年了。 课堂练习： 用for 或since填空。 1. Jill has been in Ireland Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland three days. 3. My aunt has lived in Australia 15 days. 4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there 7 o'clock. 5. India has been an independent country 1974. 6. The bus is late. We've been waiting 20 minutes. 7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty many years. 8. Mike has been ill a long time. He has been in hospital October. 句型转换 My uncle has been in the Army for 3 years. Peter has worked in this company since 2005. I have had the digital camera for 2 years. 【题目：1】 1. Farmers grow vegetables______fields. ( in, at) 2. A watch is used for______the time, (telling, tell) 3. Yesterday we took a______to the top of the mountain. ( cable car, bicycle) 4. Mr. Li is in charge of our school. He' s our______. (headmaster, teacher ) 5. My brother has been an architect ______ 2004. ( for, since) 6. Betty works as a nurse in a hospital, _______she? ( does, doesn't) - 8 - 新尚教育·教学管理部
7. My flat is on the______floor of that building, (two) 8. My friend Kitty is______. I like to discuss my problems with her. (help) 9. Look! The bus is driving very______on the road, (quick) 10. A cable car is used for______people to the top of the hill, (carry) 11. There are many______on that farm. (carrot) 12. The______in red is very friendly, (wait) 13. This book is both helpful and ______(excite). 14. ?Hero? is an ______(act) film. 15. Who often ______(help) you with your English? 16. Kelly?s father______ (come) back in a week. 17. Look! They______ (swim) in the river. 18. We ______ (learn) four English songs since last term. 19. ______ (not/ turn) right. 20. I?d rather ______ (visit) Space Museum. 【题目：2】 1. Both his parents look sad. Maybe they__________what's happened to him . A)knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 2. He has__________been to Shanghai, has he? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 3. Have you met Mr. Li __________？ Ａ.just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 4. Zhao Lan__________already__________in this school for two years. Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying 5. A strong typhoon hit Shanghai__________the afternoon of Sep. 18, 2007. A. in B. on C. at D. during 6. You should be thankful to the teachers__________their help. A. to B. with C. on D. for 7.__________happy life we are living today! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 8. This isn?t__________newspaper. Perhaps it?s . A. his; her B. her; his C. his; he D. she; her 9. The film__________for five minutes. - 9 - 新尚教育·教学管理部
A. has begun B. began C. has on D. has been on 10. ----What is in your__________hand? ----A sweet. A. another B. other C. the other D. others 11. They suggested we__________the Bund tomorrow. A. to visit B. visit C. visiting D. visited 12. ----How many times have you__________Shanghai? ----Twice. A. been in B. been to C. gone to D. gone with 13. Walk__________City Street and turn right into Water Road. A. long B. with C. along D. in 14. Now that we become classmates, we should __________each other. A. do B. visit C. see D. help 15. A secretary__________and answers the phone. A. cooks food B. types letters C. brings food D. trains people 16. Could you find me__________information about April Fools' Day? A. a B. an C. any D. some 17. My father was very good at__________photos when he was young. A.to take B. took C. taking D. taken 18. I've lived in my grandma' s house__________I was born. A. for B. because C. when D. Since 19. There' s too much__________here. Let' s choose another place to go on talking. A. voice B. sound C. noise D. song 20. A key ring is used__________holding the keys. A. of B. for C. to D. as 2)Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words (在短文的空格内填入恰当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给): （共14分） The generation gap(代沟) is wider now than before! If we take a look at the younger generation and the older generation, we can see that there are many d 22 . The two kinds of people often don't u 23 each other because they have different experiences, ideas, habits and behavior. In the 21st century, the generation gap has become e 24 wider because of science. The young love computer games, MP3 players, new types of cell phones, while the old have a hard time understanding what an MP3 is. The gap is wider also because of m 25 . The old think rap and hip-hop are noise while their children or grandchildren love it. The old feel that d 26 their time, young boys and girls were better, more obedient(服从的)and had greater respect for their elders. Young people, on the other hand, feel that they want to 1 27 their lives themselves, instead of being told what to - 10 - 新尚教育·教学管理部