in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively in their well-being. to
This new view of children and the increasing contact between
the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in
child-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion of their time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now up possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person's child in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and
by methods of child rearing.
Passage One
Advertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed when
the use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or impractical simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities and
its aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges range complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices
in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use ∧
of newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other
communications media in the course of a single advertising campaign. From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned has into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,
approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising
on to influence the purchase of commodities and services.
Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers (on) through trade journals and other media. on
Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized
types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important,
but form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainly to build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns as important institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on are institutional advertising.
Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of cooperative
sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal
10. sometimes cold-weather breakfast.
Passage Three
Cheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other
mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. sheep Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ― for thousands of years, people have (been) raised animals for milk, turning their surplus
8.
9. 10.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
9. 1. 2. been milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it exist one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over or the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable
source nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheese
varies depending ∧the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. on
enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and highest
calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because ∧its high
of protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of protein for children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. whose
than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a
on source of protein in their diets.
Passage Four
Begun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as a
system for easing communication between computers in disparate electric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for electronic
scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It links together thousands of computer networks such as those belonging to corporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers, joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as like
backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modem or networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through to data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant
instantly
send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton, film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).
No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody has
an exact census of ∧users. But estimates of the number already range its from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000 separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and
6. separate total traffic was expected to double during 1993.
Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial services that provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are for seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as a profit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain venture
have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their
3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
7. 8. 9.
download
computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data from all over the world, scholarly research that in the past would have required months of travel could now be done at one's desk. can
Passage Five
Water is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels
sailing were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power in the 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable distinction
inland water transport. Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes,
centers canals, and navigable rivers.
The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend in partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included. part
The main advantage of water transport is ∧capacity to move the extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted in
operation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility. towed
In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is (more) greater more
than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the limited low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the
Unless movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage at low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when variable low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.
Passage Six
Before considering this question it is interesting to review
briefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest an way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of
creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study stages
the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example,
given an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?
The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of
4. that
passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts
nest
by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings. In the end, however, after it has ∧to worry its way through often enough, had it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys. As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power
10.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. 2. 3. 5.
6.
7. brain-power exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomes very simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate too test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind. In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university
9. beat
undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, more subtle test of mental ability is to see ∧what level an animal can think at
about something when it is not there.
Passage Seven
If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary
science to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take
1. mass
them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be however
carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many specialists fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to nation
understand, to support, and when necessary, ∧judge the work of experts.
to
The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientific services. In education there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such contribute balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts, but also relative emphases between the natural 7. among sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the
Similarly
current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is
continuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the continually discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention ∧from the sound, established materials that form the basis of away courses for beginners.
Passage Eight
8.
10.
2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 8. 9. 10.
The world’s population continues to grow. There now are about
4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. further Experts have long been concerned about such a growth. Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and
jobs
health care for all these people?
A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place 3. has during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and
happening
industrial nations.
Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this.
More men and women are waiting (more) longer to get married and more
are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay or pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from home instead ∧ having children. of And more governments, especially in developing nations, now
support family planned programs to reduce population growth. China 8. planning
is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. have population growth. China has already cut (off) its rate of population
off growth by about one half since 1970.
Passage Ten
When I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.
It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn meant
and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.
Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front critical porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorways and I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job definitely
professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.
Ever since (then), I have tried to do as professional a job as
then Possible whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarring roofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behave
like a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. off This means giving your all. If a scene requires another character
to react to ∧jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it my takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago, while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors filming
and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through
crew rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go to
1. 2.
4. 5. 6. 7.
10. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.