public transport system 公共交通系统,power grid 电网pipelines 石油和天然气管道 water supply and drainage system 给排水系统等, 民主与开放的政府 a democratic and progressive government
Government 类名人名言
1. \ resources better than any centralized government.\—Ronald Reagan
2. \ much.\—Ronald Reagan
3. \—Thomas Jefferson
Government 类模板
How the government can optimize its finite financial resources has long been a controversial issue. 政府如何优化配置有限的财政资源长期以来一直有争议.
There are a multitude of competing claims on the government's limited budget. 很多需要 钱的领域都在争夺政府的有限预算.
Whether the government should allocated money to … has sparked off a spirited controversy. 政府是否应该投资…引起了激烈的争论.
How the government should administer…has long been an issue open to debate. 政府应 该如何管理…一直都是有争议的话题.
五、Animal 类
范文
Some people think animal experimentation should be stopped because it is cruel. Others think it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both view and give your own opinion.
Animals were friend of foes of humanity at different times of the human history. In modern times, experiments upon animals have long been a breeding ground for spirited debate. Some animal right activists argue that we should ban animal experiments altogether because putting animals through experimentation is unjustifiable on moral grounds. Yet some other people contend that the advancement of science necessitates animal testing. Personally, I believe both their views have merit and demerit.
Granted, empirical evidence suggests that many animal experiments are performed
callously without any attention to the discomfort or pain that laboratory mammals endure. First and foremost, improper confinement of test animals such as locking them up in cramped cages is inhumane. It can gravely disrupt natural biological functions of the test animal. Further, the effects of vaccination and vivisection conducted on live mammals can be chilling. They may, in some case, even constitute sheer torture of live animals.
However, from a more pragmatic perspective, evidence bounds that animal subjects are still an indispensable part at this point. In the first place, it is manifest that drug
experimentation on live mammals is far more effective than experimentation on bacteria or on other lower species in testing drug safety. Drugs that have severe potential side effects
on Homo sapiens must be tested by pharmaceutical companies on live mammals first to ascertain their toxicity. In the second place, in space research, live animals are still the only practical alternative to humans in testing living creature reaction to outer-space experience on a flight not considered to be sufficiently safe for human astronauts. Lastly, lab research about the behavioral tendencies of chimpanzees, gorillas and other members of the primate group is also necessary. It produces outcomes consistently advancing anthropological and genetic studies.
To conclude, I concede that experiments upon animals may induce suffering to the test animals. However, I am convinced that there are no feasible alternatives to this
methodology at the current stage of scientific development. On balance, I think that we should allow animals testing to be continued but at the same time we use techniques such as anesthetic to minimize the pain of the test animal.
Animals 类词汇
Animals
22) 动物权益保护主义者 animal rights activists 医学研究 medical research 残忍的cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ callous/ brutal 活体解剖 vivisection 麻醉anaesthetic 减轻动物 的痛苦 alleviate/ ease animals' pain 宠物是主人的伙伴 pets are companions of their masters 给主人心理安慰 afford their masters consolation and comfort 偷猎 poach(vi,vt)/poaching(noun) 某一种事物是没有替代物的 there are no replacement/substitutes/alternatives(单数则去掉s) for something.
Animal 类模板
Animals have been friends or foes of humanity at different times of human history. 在人类 历史的不同阶段,动物曾经是人类的朋友或者敌人.
Animals are an integral part of the earth's ecosystem; therefore, animal welfare has long been an issue of intense debate. 动物是生态系统的一个不可或缺的部分.因此,动物是否 生存良好很久以来一直是引起激烈争议的话题.
Animals 类名人名言
The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.—Gandhi
六、Language & culture 类
范文
语言类 some people think the advantages of the spread of English in the world outweigh its disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree
In the contemporary world, the English language is prevalent in the international political, economic and cultural scenes. Apart from that, it has consolidated its status as the most-studied instrument of communication in hundreds of thousands of educational
institutions. The dominance of English has been a breeding ground for spirited debate not just within the linguistic academic, but also in the press as well as the general public. As I see it, the boons brought about by the spread of English far outweigh the banes.
Granted, the proliferation of English does not come without drawbacks. First, it renders a host of indigenous languages obsolete. According to a study conducted by UNESCO,
over 200 ethnic languages went extinct in 2004, primarily due to the linguistic assimilation of ethnic minorities into the English language. These languages had crystallized and conveyed unique indigenous traditions, rites, rituals and mores and their extinction
constituted an anthropological disaster. Secondly, the encroachments of English erode the cultural identity of other races. The prevalence of English has a chilling effect on the purity of other languages and it can aggravate the sense of cultural inferiority among the non-native speakers of English.
However, the proliferation of English can generate even more benefits. To begin with, English as a global lingual Franca facilitates cross-cultural communication. Today, eight in every ten international conferences designate English as their chief working language; and ninety-eight percent leading scientific journals in the world are published in English or have an English version. Further, the extensive use of a common language has a unifying effect on people who do not speak the same mother tongue. Language barriers naturally engender a measure of distrust or alienation while a shared language makes for a sense of belonging and sympathy. Lastly, the expansion of English also enables people whose native tongue is not English to appreciate the English-speaking cultures more efficiently and more fully. It is manifest that many English-speaking cultures are among the richest and most dynamic cultures in the world. English learners have surely found themselves in an advantageous position in terms of life-enrichment as they can the English literature in the original language, can comprehend Hollywood blockbusters without having to read the minute subtitles and do not rely exclusively upon body language while touring English-speaking destinations anymore.
In sum, I concede that the linguistic dominance of English has created some adverse effects on the world cultures. Nonetheless, its spread has produced even more blessings to our lives. On balance, I am convinced that we should sustain the extensive use of English as global language while at the same time do our utmost to honor and preserve other distinct languages and culture.
Language & culture 类8分范文
Some people think that people who move to new countries should accept the new culture as their own, rather than live in separate minority groups and in different lifestyles. Do you agree or disagree
分析: cultural anthropology 是我中学时代最喜欢的领域,爱读Margaret Mead 和 Ruth Benedict, 也曾经想过像 Yo Yo Ma 那样去Harvard 学人类学.如果我们真正要了解一个 民族,出了在那个国家生活20年,文化人类学应该是最有效的途径.
这道题是典型的argumentation,采取折衷式观点(既要接受主流文化,又要保持自身文化特 性)会更好写一些,而且让文章更具有critical thinking
高分关键词:acculturation 集体层面上的文化适应 transculturation 个人层面上的文化适 应
Cultural diversity 文化多元化 national unity and cohesion 国家的凝聚力
disintegration(noun) 瓦解 be culturally assimilated into(移民)成为其目的国文化的有机部 分
Successive immigration waves in preceding centuries have rendered numerous countries multi-racial. Over the process, the issue of massive acculturation had been cast into sharp relief. Hence the intense controversy over immigrants' attitudes is toward the recipient culture. Some contend that immigrants should not just cloister themselves in separate minority, but accept the culture of their host countries as their own. Personally, I think this view has both merit and demerit.
On the one hand, it is manifest that adjusting themselves to the local culture and mores is vital to the survival, self-sufficiency and success of the internationally-relocated. Fist and foremost, ready availability of the very kinds of food, shelter, clothing and transportation that they were once so used to in their home countries is largely non-existent in their
immigration destinations. Their dietary, dressing, dwelling and transportational preference must be substantially altered to fit into new material environments. Secondly, it is highly improbable that a new immigrant's academic excellence or occupational prowess can get recognized fully if his/her conduct and values are deemed \ classmates, or supervisors and colleagues. Behavioral, linguistic and conceptual
adaptation to the mainstream culture of the host country ensures that he/she can grow
and prosper academically or professionally. In addition, immigrants' acculturation is key to the national unity and cohesion of their host countries. History has proven repeatedly that multi-racial countries consisting of ethno-centric groups clinging indiscriminately and insensibly to their own values and convictions could rarely avert the fate of disintegration. Yet on the other hand, there can exist disadvantages or perils if immigrants desert their own cultural identities altogether. In the first place, they would suffer severe identity crises if they abandon their own cultural characteristics, which help them validate and re-affirm themselves. And the dreadful sense of rootlessness, insecurity and disorientation, in turn, produces frustration about the transculturation process, depression or the undesired
eventual return to one's home country. In the second place, the voluntary abandonment of their native cultures erodes their affinity for their countries of origin. When attachment to the culture of their home countries is gone, their motherland would be little more than just a geographical proper name to them. Lastly, multi-ethnicity can serve to enrich a nation's culture immensely and total rejection of immigrants' native cultures only undermines the inherent cultural diversity of multi-ethnic nations. Consider the quintessential immigration country—the US, which is often dubbed\ heterogeneity. What if Jewish Americans ceased to commemorate Hanukkah, Italian American restaurateurs removed pastas from their menus and Irish Americans were indifferent to the observance of Saint Patrick's Day
To conclude, I concede that it is in the best interests of the immigrants to get culturally assimilated into their host country. However, it would be a shame if they just turn their backs on their ancestral cultures. Thus, on balance, immigrants ought to make every effort to acclimatize themselves to their host culture; but nevertheless, they should also love, honor and cherish their own cultural backgrounds, which in large characterize themselves.
Language & Culture 必备词汇
23) 一种可以通用的语言(比如英语) a lingua franca /a universal language/ a global language 英语的广泛应用 the proliferation of English 英语的统治地位 the
dominant role/ the ascendancy / the hegemony of English 方言 dialect/vernacular/the indigenous language 小语种将会消亡 Lesser-known language will become
extinct/obsolete 小语种的消亡 the extinction/ demise of lesser-known languages
24) 文化遗产包括有形跟无形两种,有形的入历史遗迹,无形的入风俗,仪式,传统道德观 念等 Cultural heritage can be divided into two groups, tangible cultural heritage, such as historic sites and intangible heritage, such as customs, rites, rituals and mores, etc. 保护 preserve 祖先 forefathers/ ancestors 后代 descendants/posterity(后一个是不 可数名词) 少数民族 ethnic minorities
25) 民族团结 the harmony between ethnic group/ race 文化融合 cultural integration and synthesis 相互影响 interaction 文化多元性 cultural diversity 丰富 enrich 狭隘的观 念 insular/provincial/parochial mentality 贬低 deprecated/ denigrate/minimize the importance of /disparage/trivialize/discredit 某事不是一成不变的 something is not set/carved in stone
Language & Culture 模板
Today the cultural communication between different counties and regions has been intensified.
今天国家和区域间的文化交流越来越密切.
English is, doubtless, the predominant language in today's world and its ascendancy has aroused heated debate in the academia and general public alike. 英语无疑是今天世界上 影响最光的语言而它的绝对有事地位在学术界和普通公众中都引起了激烈的争论.
Language & Culture 类名人名言
\—Charlemagne \—Ruth Benedict
七、Development & Globalization 类
范文
发展类 (建筑物) Many old buildings are protected by law because they are part of a nation 's history. However, some people think they should be destroyed to make way for new ones because people need houses and offices. To what extent do you agree or disagree
In this day and age, historic buildings still abound in many metropolises where new office complexes and residential developments proliferate. Whereas nearly everyone agrees in principle that historic buildings carry cultural, educational or artistic value, when it comes to the competing interests of preserving historic buildings and constructing new ones, people hold divergent views. Some assert that old buildings should be torn down to create ample room for new constructions. Personally, I think their view has both merit and demerit. Granted, the development of modern cities, both in population size and in functionality, necessitates the removal of certain existing structures whose history can often be traced back to centuries ago. In the first place, new constructions must be proposed and carried out to accommodate the markedly-increasing urban population. Given that almost all the present-day cities are already packed with places of residence, commerce and recreation