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tense adj. 紧张的 hostile adj. 敌意的 nasal adj. 鼻的
ache n. （长时间连续的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze vi. 打喷嚏 congestion n. 充血 mucus n. 粘液
woe n. 痛苦，苦恼；（复）灾难，苦头
注释：
1. warm people likely to keep cold at bay：情绪乐观的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是“热
心肠的人，情绪高昂的人”，keep/hold… at bay是“使…走投无路，不使…接近”的意思，因此本题目如果直译则是“情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞”或“情绪高昂的人可能远离感冒”或“情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。 2. staying positive：保持积极向上（的情绪）
3. expose healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接触感冒（病毒）或流感
病毒。expose原意是“使暴露，使面临”，这里expose sb. to sth.是“使...接触...”的意思。
4. sunny disposition：乐观开朗的个性
5. positive emotional style：乐观情绪型，情绪积极型 6. ward off：避开，防止 7. scratchy throat：嗓子痛 runny nose：流鼻涕
8. susceptible to：对…敏感的，容易受到…的 9. as to：关于，至于
练习：
1. According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they
may think ___________.
A) that their illness is very serious B) that their illness is not so serious C) that they do not get any illness at all D) that the illness they get is not a mild one
2. People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
____________. A) happy B) selfish C) easy-going D) energetic
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative
emotional style may have? A) Hostile. B) Unhappy.
C) Warm-blooded.
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D) Tense.
4. How did the researchers test their volunteers?
A) By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. B) By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold. C) By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.
D) By investigating everyone’s characteristics, interests and hobbies.
5. Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected? A) Mucus production. B) Aches and pains.
C) Sneezing or congestion. D) Blood test.
答案与题解：
1. B 本题答案来自第三段，其中第二句说，“当他们的确患感冒时，他们认为病情并不
太严重”。
2. B 选项A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B项没提到，而且从逻辑推理，情绪
乐观的人绝不会是“自私自利”的人。
3. C 选项A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C项“热情洋溢”也不应属于情绪低
落、消极的人所应有的性格特征。
4. A 第六段第一句说的就是“研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的
滴鼻剂”，这正是本题答案。
5. D 选项A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D项则不在其中之列。
Eating potatoes gives your immune system a boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. “The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch”, said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,3 Spain.
Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested in the
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small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).4
Immunology expert Lena Ohman’s team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden.5 The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI.6
词汇：
immune adj. 有免疫力的，免疫的 boost vt. n. 提高，举起 bowel n.（常用复数）肠
salad n. 色拉（西餐中的一种凉拌菜） Spain n. 西班牙 starch n. 淀粉
leucocyte n. 白细胞 lymphocyte n. 淋巴细胞
inflammation n. 炎，炎症；发炎部位 down-regulation n. 下调，向下调节 Spanish adj. 西班牙的
indicative adj. 指示性的；象征性的；预示性的 density n. 密度
apoptosis n. 细胞凋亡（细胞的自然死亡） simulate vt. 模仿，模拟
resistant adj. 有抵抗力的；耐久的 Barcelona n. 巴塞罗那（西班牙港口） legume n. 豆，（豆）荚 pasta n. 面食
cereal n. （常用复数）（作为主粮的）谷物类 digest v. 消化
intestine n. （常用复数）肠 shunt v. （使）分流 ferment v. （使）发酵 immunology n. 免疫学
peripheral adj. 周围的；表面的 gut n. 肠
hypothesis n. （学说的）假设，假定 inflammatory adj. 发炎的，炎性的
注释：
1. raw potato starch (RPS)：未经加工的土豆淀粉
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2. The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests
an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body. 西班牙研究者们所观察到的全身性下调白血球水平的作用意味着未经加工的土豆淀粉是具有全面的有益的作用的，也就是总的来说身体是更加健康。
3. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona是西班牙一个少数民族语---加泰隆语，意为“巴
塞罗那自治大学”。这是该大学的原名。
4. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)：过敏性肠综合征
5. Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden：瑞典哥德堡大学内科医学
系
6. SCI ( Science Citation Index )：科学引文索引。美国科学信息研究所1961年创办出
版的引文数据库。
练习：
1. What a form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?
A) Potato soup. B) Potato cake. C) Potato salad.
D) Hot boiled potato.
2. What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?
A) It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation. B) It may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed. C) It means that the body is challenged.
D) It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.
3. For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?
A) They wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs? B) They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch. C) They wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day.
D) They wanted to see how much body weight each experimental pig gained in the
end.
4. All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT __________.
A) Pasta B) Grains C) Legumes D) Vegetables
5. What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all?
A) It may cause irritable bowel syndrome.
B) It may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder. C) It may raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.
D) It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.
答案与题解：
1. C 短文开头第一句就说，“吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益，
尤其是吃土豆色拉，喝凉吃”，因此在四个选项中最有营养的非C项莫属。
2. A 第三段第三句说，“淋巴细胞水平低显示炎症水平下降”，故其它B、C、D三
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个选项均不正确。
3. B 第四段第二句引用了研究组负责人自己的话说，“在实验中使用未经加工的土
豆淀粉，就是为了模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用”，其它A、C、D三个选项文章均没有提及。
4. D 第五段第一句列出了一些富含耐久淀粉的食品，其中就没有D项“蔬菜”，而
且实际上蔬菜也不是富含淀粉的食物。
5. D 第五段倒数第二句已经解释了耐久淀粉的特点：“不能在小肠中消化，而是分
流到大肠，在大肠中发酵”。其它选项个别词语虽在短文中出现过，但都不是说明耐久淀粉的。
When fear takes control of1 the mind
A panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, but it may feel like forever. The cause can be something as normally uneventful as driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat. Sweaty hands. Difficulty breathing.2 A lightheaded feeling. At first a person may have no idea3 what is wrong. But these can all be signs of what is known as panic disorder.4 The first appearance usually is between the ages of 18 and 25. In some cases it develops after a tragedy, like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation.
In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health5 says more than two million people are affected in any one-year period. The American Psychological Association6 says panic disorder is two times more likely in women than men. And it can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime.
Panic attacks can be dangerous -- for example, if a person is driving at the time. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in the state of Maryland is so long and so high over the water, it is famous for scaring motorists. There is even a driver assistance program to help people get across. Some people who suffer a panic attack develop a phobia, a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought on the attack.7
But experts say panic disorder can be treated. Doctors might suggest anti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines. Talking to a counselor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack. There are breathing methods, for example, that might help a person calm down.8 Panic disorder is included among what mental health professionals call anxiety disorders.9 A study published last week reported a link between anxiety disorders and several physical diseases. It says these include thyroid disease, lung and stomach problems, arthritis, migraine headaches and allergic conditions. Researchers at the University of Manitoba in Canada say that in most cases the physical condition followed the anxiety disorder. But, they say, exactly how the two are connected remains unknown.
The report in the Archives of Internal Medicine10 came from a German health study of more than 4,000 adults.
词汇：
panic n. adj. 恐慌（的）
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