with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. 31. P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
33. T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible. A. mouth C. tongue cords B. lips D. vocal
36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless C. vowel consonantal B. voiced D.
37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D. /b/
38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical C. exactly D. similarB. same alike
39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast distribution B. in complementary C. the allophones D. minimal pair 40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental
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fricative
41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features
43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone C. D. phoneme B. sound allophone
44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones C. D. B. sounds phonemes allophones Ⅳ. Define the terms below: 45. phonology 46. phoneme 47. allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory 52. acoustic 53. phone phonetics phonetics 54. phonemic 55. tone contrast 56. minimal pair
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?
58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? 60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
Chapter 3 Morphology
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
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1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
Ⅱ. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. M _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_______ meaning. 13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.
15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.
19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form
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itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. D. None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second D. both the first and the second element elements
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words
25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax C. D. B. Grammar Morphology Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A. lexical morphemic grammatical B. C. D. semantic 27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________. A. have to be used B. can not be combined with independently other morphemes C. can either be free or bound other morphemes D. have to be combined with
28. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes
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29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words Morphemes Phonemes Sentences B. C. D. 30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 31. morphology morphology morphology 32. inflectional 33. derivational 34. morpheme 36. bound 35. free morpheme morpheme 37. root 38. affix 39. prefix 40. suffix 41. derivation 42. Compounding Ⅴ. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the main features of the English compounds? 44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Chapter 4 Syntax
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
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