9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.
19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.
21. Major lexical categories are o_______ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
24. The theory of C_______ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
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Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right C. D. B. wrong grammatical ungrammatical
26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. B. particle preposition subordinator coordinator C. D.
27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive grammatical D. functional B. C. social
28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above.
29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules B. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory
30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.
A. lexical morphological D. B. C. linguistic combinational
34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
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A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structure Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 35. syntax 37. coordinate 36. Sentence sentence 38. syntactic 39. grammatical 40. linguistic categories relations competence 41. transformational rules 42. D-structure Ⅴ. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the basic components of a sentence?
44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.
45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?
46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?
47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.
Chapter 5 Semantics
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but
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ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.
16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
19. An a______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
20. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The naming theory is advanced by ________. A. Plato Bloomfield Leech B. C. Geoffrey D. Firth
22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviourism 23. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
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B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes
25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 26. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. B. Concept Semantics Reference C. D. Sense
28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy Synonymy Homonymy Hyponymy B. C. D.
29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. B. polysemy hyponyms synonyms homonyms C. D.
30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 31. semantics 32. sense 33. reference 34. synonymy 35. polysemy 36. homonymy 37. homophones 39. complete 38. Homographs homonyms 40. hyponymy 42 componential 41. antonymy analysis 43. grammatical 44. predication meaning 45. Argument 46. predicate 47. two-place predication Ⅴ. Answer the following questions:
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