老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案
who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern states to be brought back into the Union? What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, was the subject of an insulting popular Northern song, \Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple Tree.\during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as little bitterness as possible. 41. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems facing the United States after the war (C) Methods of repairing the damage caused by the war (D) The results of government efforts to revive the economy 42. The word \ (A) specialized (B) confusing (C) various (D) overwhelming
43. The word \ (A) developing (B) ruined (C) complicated (D) fragile
44. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the damage in the South is correct? (A) It was worse than in the North. (B) The cost was less than expected (C) It was centered in the border states. (D) It was remedied rather quickly.
45. The passage refers to all of the following as necessary steps following the Civil War EXCEPT (A) helping soldiers readjust (B) restructuring industry
(C) returning government to normal (D) increasing taxes
46. The word \ (A) raising the tax level (B) sensible financial choices
(C) worse decisions about former slaves (D) reconstruction of damaged areas
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老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案
47. Why does the author mention a popular song in lines 17? (A) To give attitude towards the South (B) To illustrate the Northern love of music
(C) To emphasize the cultural differences between the North and the South (D) To compare the Northern and Southern presidents
48. Which of the following can be inferred from the phrase \
Southern Confederate state ,would convict them\(A) Virginians felt betrayed by Jefferson Davis (B) A popular song insulted Virginians (C) Virginians were loyal to their leaders
(D) All of the Virginia military leaders had been put in chains. 49. The word \ (A) charges (B) leaders (C) days (D) irons
50. It can be inferred from the passage that President Johnson pardoned the Southern leaders in order to (A) raise money for the North
(B) repair the physical damage in the South
(C) prevent Northern leaders from punishing more Southerners (D) help the nation recover from the war
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老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案
1995.10
Questions 1-13
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some
botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated hat the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for
the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
1. How many theories does the author mention? (A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four
2. The passage answers which of the following questions? (A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage? (B) When do dead cells harm plant growth? (C) How does water get to the tops of trees? (D) Why is root pressure weak
3. The word \ (A) ignored (B) showed (C) disguised (D) distinguished
4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 4-6 prove? (A) Plant stems die when deprived of water (B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water (C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes (D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems
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老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案
5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants? (A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure. (B) Root pressures decrease in winter. (C) Plants can live after their roots die.
(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem. 6. Which of the following statements does the passage support? (A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.
(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps. (C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.
(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants. 7. The word \ (A) top (B) tree (C) water
(D) cohesion-tension theory.
8. The word \ (A) treetops (B) roots
(C) water columns (D) tubes
9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant? (A) Humidity (B) Plant growth (C) Root pressure (D) Evaporation
10. The word \ (A) stretch (B) branch (C) increase (D) rotate
11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns? (A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly. (B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.
(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together. (D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns. 12. Why does the author mention‖ steel wire‖ in line 17? (A) To illustrate another means of pulling water
(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material (C) To indicate the size of a column of water
(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water
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老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案
13. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure? (A) Lines 2-3 (B) Lines 3-5 (C) Lines 6-7 (D) Lines 8-9 Question 14-22
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth. 14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? (A) Types of mass transportation. (B) Instability of urban life.
(C) How supply and demand determine land use.
(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.
15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT (A) growth in city area
(B) separation of commercial and residential districts. (C) Changes in life in the inner city. (D) Increasing standards of living.
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