中文2600字，1600单词，9500英文字符
文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131.
原文
GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Jan C. Fransoo
1 INTRODUCTION
Logistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents.
The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned.
Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities.
Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chain perspective provides a framework to understand and deal with issues that are separate.but ultimately interrelated. Importantly, looking at supply chains helps policy makers understand the interests and actions of private sector operators. Green Logistics may therefore propose a number of tools and identify emerging sustainable solutions contributing to the overarching objective of green Growth.
From a policy perspective, logistics cut across several areas and sectors. The performance of supply chains depends on areas or activities where government as regulator or catalyst of investment is critical, such as:
Transport infrastructure: road and rail corridors, ports and airports
The efficiencies of logistics services: services include not only modal freight transport, but also warehousing and intermediary services, such as brokers and forwarders, and related information-flow management. In modern economies, the trend is towards integration in multi-activity logistics providers (3PLs, 4PLs) to which industrial and commercial firms outsource their supply chain activities. Understanding the regulatory dimension of services is becoming increasingly critical to the development of effective policies in areas such as:
professional and operational standards, regulation of entry in market and professions, competition, enforcement.
Procedures applying to the merchandise, such as trade procedures (customs and other controls).
The soft infrastructure that supports information or financial flow associated with the physical movements along supply chains: IT infrastructure, payment systems.
The concept of national logistics performance capturing the outcome of these policies is widely recognized by policy makers and the private sector worldwide as a critical contribution to national competitiveness. A key question for sustainable development is how to integrate supply chain participants concern with environmental sustainability with the concept of national logistics performance.
Within logistics, transport creates the largest environmental footprint. But the volume of emissions can vary greatly, depending on the mode of transport. The volume of emission per ton per km increases by an order of magnitude from maritime to land transportation and to air transportation. This is a key environmental aspect of logistics that is not taken into consideration by most supply chain operators. Logisticsexperts typically integrate freight modes and other related activities so that the transport and distribution network is used in the most efficient manner, which is important for keeping emissions in check, as well. Depending on the type of industry and geographical region, supply chain operators can place varying emphasis on the reliability of supply chains, as well. In summary, supply chain choices typically include multiple criteria and trade-offs, and this makes an analysis of their environmental impact complex; the most environmentally friendly choices do not only depend on mode of transportation, but also on other elements, such as efficiency and reliability.
To reduce the environmental footprint of a supply chain, the focus should be on several dimensions and should select the best mode of transport, efficient movements, and innovation. Comprehensive work on greening individual modes of transportation is already available. Here, the key drivers have been energy efficiency and the urge to diminish various types of emission. Given the integrated nature of supply chains, however, the manner in which price signals and incentives catalyze supply chain structure is a rather intricate problem: lower- emission modes of transport (maritime, e.g.) are typically also less reliable or have other limitations (such as maritime access to a landlocked country). Such limitations may include the cost of such technologies, the temperature range within which they can be used or the availability of certain types of fuel. It is therefore critical to complement the current knowledge about emissions produced by different modes of transportation with an understanding of what drives the demand for Green Logistics within supply chains.
The emerging response is likely to take the form of top-down policy, such as measures in the form of standards or taxes addressing emissions (GHG, SO2, NOx) by mode of freight. For instance, a cap on SO2 emissions on major maritime routes will go into effect at the end of 20152. At least as important is the response from the bottom up. These are supply-chain strategies coming from the private sector in response to policy or price changes, but also demand from consumers, clients and stake-holders. Green Supply Chain management has to be taken seriously by policy makers.
An exclusive focus on price mechanism (including taxes), as is the current tendency, may miss some of the major driver of changes in supply chain management. Another complication, at least in the context of international trade, is that the focus on the impact on international logistics does not capture the footprint of production processes. These processes may have different impact than the supply chain itself, as in the case of food production.
There is also evidence that much of the environmental footprint of logistics operations is tied to short distances and distribution. Green Logistics is intimately linked with concerns such as urban congestion, and innovations in Logistics are critical to sustainable supply chains. Grassroots innovations in Logistics have recently flourished, often producing win-win solutions in terms of jobs and the environment. More generally, there is increasing awareness that green supply chains can be also competitive, either because the awareness of the environment helps productivity or because consumers expect it, particularly in wealthy countries.
A concrete case in point is also the so-called sculpture emission regulation by IMO that enters into force on January 1, 2015 in most of North Sea, Baltic Sea and along west and east coasts of US & Canada (bar Alaska). Ships have to go over from fuel with 1.5 % sculpture to 0.1 % sculpture or invest in so-called scrubbers, that absorb the sculpture from exhaust gases; technology that is still nascent in the maritime context. Scrubber investment per cargo ship is USD 2 million and no with multiples as the ship engine size increases, with annual maintenance cost approx..7-10 % of investment. This seemingly innocent and rather technical change is going to have a huge impact on shipping and the spillover effect to other modes & Supply chains are going to be significant Green Logistics also encompasses potentially longer-term concerns. A green focus within logistics analysis could examine a supply chain vulnerability to climate events or to large swings in the price of transport inputs, for instance. A recent volcanic episode in Iceland showed the vulnerability of one specific supply chain that relies heavily on air freight fresh produce coming from Africa spoiled when flights were cancelled because of the volcanic ash. Resilience concerns and other form of uncertainty are likely to shape supply chain choices by regional and global operators.
Given the importance of trade in components and intra-firm trade, how large operators develop green supply chain strategies will have profound economic impact. Resilient and greener supply chains are likely to be less extended and leaner, for example, though the consequences for trade and integration of low income economies cannot be treated fully here.
Policy makers should be concerned by both the supply and demand aspects of logistics environmental dimensions. So far, the policy focus has been on modal footprint and has not taken into account a supply chain perspective. There have not been major initiatives in Green Logistics, even in the countries most sensitive to the issue, such as those in Northern Europe. Rather the most important changes have occurred as a combination of largely uncoordinated public and private initiatives: voluntary behavior by shippers, innovation in terms of technology, information (environmental logistics dashboard) or services, or common public-private objectives such as in modal shifts.
2 DEFINING GREEN LOGISTICS AND GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
There are many variations in the terminology regarding green logistics and green supply chain management. This section aims at providing a brief overview on some of the key terms used in the literature.
Green logistics refers mainly to environmental issues related to transportation, material handling and storage, inventory control, warehousing, packaging, and facility location allocation decisions (Min & Kim, 2012). Gonzalez-Benito and Gonzalez-Benito (2006) use the term environmental logistics to describe logistics practices that are divided into supply/purchasing, transportation, warehousing and distribution, and reverse logistics and waste management. Although distribution is considered to be one of the interrelated areas of supply chain management, the term green distribution has also been used to describe the whole process of integrating environmental concerns into transportation, packaging, labeling and reverse logistics (Shi et al., 2012).
Reverse logistics is often used as a synonym to efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the supply chain by recycling, reusing and remanufacturing.
译文
绿色物流:促进可持续发展
贾恩. 法兰斯
1. 引言
物流是工商业的支柱。作为一门学科，它描述了伴随供应链的管理和协调活动。这些活动主要包括货物运输、仓储、库存管理、材料处理和相关的信息处理。企业的很大一部分的物流活动经常被外包给专业的服务提供商，这些第三方物流企业能够提供具有成本效益的服务。研究表明，至少在高收入国家，服务的价值并不是仅体现在货币和服务质量方面的评估上。在做决策时，物流专业人士会越来越多地考虑外部效应。比如：污染，噪音和事故等。
最近的中国物流业景气指数报告于2012年发布，指出：经合组织国家出货量，以及环保的解决方案被认为比其他地方的都要多。原因是越来越多的监管压力，加上消费者偏好的变化，是这一现象的主要动力。我们用一个广泛使用的术语来描述它，那就是“绿色物流”，尤其是指物流服务提供商的物流活动
研究表明，包括一本最近出版的由艾伦?麦金农所著的书，证实“绿色物流”是一个新兴的由私人运营商和服务提供商和用户组成的物流。从政策的角度来看，尤其是在全球环境中,“绿色物流”是一个潜在的主要议题：虽然对物流活动导致的温室气体排放量估计各不相同，但是大约15%的全球温室气体排放可以追溯到物流活动。
“绿色物流”可能不是一个独立的政策领域。相反，供应链的角度提供了一个来理解和处理问题的框架，它是独立的但最终是相互关联的。重要的是，应该看到，供应链帮助决策者理解私营部门运营商的利益和活动。“绿色物流”可能因此为贡献“绿色增长”的总体目标，提出了一些工具和识别新兴可持续的解决方案。
从政策的角度来看，物流跨越了几个地区和部门。供应链的性能取决于区域或活动，在那里，政府监管机构或催化剂的投资是至关重要的，如:
? 交通基础设施:公路和铁路,港口和机场
? 物流服务:服务的效率不仅包括货物运输模态,还包括仓储和中介服务，如经纪人和代理人，以及相关的信息流管理。
? 申请进出口商品的程序，如贸易过程(海关和其他控件)。
? 软基础设施,支持信息或金融流动与物理运动，与供应链有关的，如：IT基础设施,支付系统?
国家物流绩效的概念——捕捉这些政策的结果——是公认的全球政策制定者和私营部门作为国家竞争力的一个关键贡献。可持续发展的一个关键问题是如何整合供应链参与者对环境可持续发展的关注与物流绩效。
物流活动中的运输创造了最大的环境足迹，因为运输工具会排放很多问题气体。但是排放的量可以有很大区别，这主要取决于运输方式。从海洋到陆地运输和航空运输，排放的数量每吨每公里增加一个数量级。不考虑大多数供应链运营商，这是物流面临的一个重要环境因素。物流专家通常整合运输模式和其他相关活动,以便在运输和分销网络中使用最有效的方式，这对保持排放检查是很重要的。根据行业和地理区域的类别，供应链运营商可以根据供应链的可靠性不同来做出相关规定。总之，供应链的选择通常包括多个标准和权衡，这使得对他们的环境影响进行分析将会变得更加复杂。最环保的选择不仅取决于运输方式，也在于其他元素,如效率和可靠性。
减少供应链的环境足迹，应该关注几个方面，应该选择最好的运输方式，高效的运输线路和创新。全面的“绿色”交通方式已经可以实现了。在这里，关键是司机已经有动力来提高能源效率和减少各类排放。鉴于供应链的综合性质，然而，促进供应链结构的价格信号和激励的方式是一个相当复杂的问题:低排放的运输模式(例如，海路运输,)通常也不可靠或有其他限制(如：海上访问内陆国家)。这些限制包括这些技术的成本，他们可以使用的温度范围或特定类型燃料的可用性。
最新的应对之策可能会采取自上而下的政策形式，如措施标准或税收的形式，解决排放(温室气体)的货运方式。例如，在重大海上航线二的氧化硫排放量上限将于2015年年底生效。至少同样重要的是，这能够得到自下而上的响应。这些都是来自私营部门的供应链策略，主要是为了应对政策和价格变化，而且这是消费者、客户和股东的需求。绿色供应链管理决策者必须认真对待。
专注于价格机制(包括税款),是当前趋势,可能会错过一些供应链管理变化的主要驱动力。另一个问题,至少在国际贸易的背景下，对国际物流的影响的关注不会捕捉生产过程。这些过程可能对供应链本身有不同的影响,比如食品生产的情况。
有证据表明，物流运输的大部分活动与短距离和区域分布有关。“绿色物流”与城市交通拥堵等问题有密切关系，“城市物流”创新对可持续供应链是很关键的。“城市物流”创新最近很盛行，这通常会产生工作和环境双赢的解决方案。
更为普遍的是，大家越来越意识到绿色供应链也是一种竞争力，不仅因为环保意识有助于提高生产率，也是因为消费者所期望的，尤其是在发达国家。
“绿色物流”还包括潜在的长期担忧。绿色的焦点在于物流分析可以研究供应链的脆弱性，比如：气候或运输价格大幅波动等都会对它产生很大的影响。最近冰岛火山事件就显示供应链的一个脆弱性，严重依赖来自非洲空运的新鲜农产品,因为火山灰，航班被取消，还有许多弹性问题和其他形式的不确定性可能会影响供应链的区域和全球运营商选择。鉴于贸易和公司间贸易的重要，大型运营商如何发展绿色供应链战略，将会产生深远的经济影响。弹性和绿色供应链可能会更少的去扩展和变得更精简，虽然低收入经济体的贸易不能完全在这里开展。
决策者应该从供给和需求两个方面关注物流环境。到目前为止，这项政策重点是运输路线和供应链的考虑角度。没有重大举措的“绿色物流”活动，甚至在国家最敏感的问题上,比如：在欧洲北部。而最重要的变化是公共和私人计划的不协调已经发生。
2. 定义绿色物流和绿色供应链管理
在绿色物流和绿色供应链管理上有很多变化的术语。本节旨在提供用于文学一些关键术语的简要概述。
绿色物流主要是指与环境问题相关的交通、材料处理和库存控制、仓储、包装、和设施选址分配决策等。冈萨雷斯·贝尼托 (2006)使用环保物流这个词来形容，物流实践分为供应/采购、运输、仓储和配送,逆向物流和废物管理。尽管配送被认为是一个相互关联的领域，包括供应链管理。绿色这个词也被用于描述将环境问题纳入运输、包装、标签和逆向物流的整个过程。
逆向物流通常用作努力减少供应链的回收,再利用和再制造的环境影响的同义词。然而,最初绿色物流是用来描述材料的运输活动。(罗杰斯&伦布克,2001)。除了逆向物流,闭环供应链也被用于强调材料的反向流动(如朱2008)。然而,活动的动机主要是由环境问题最好贴上绿色逆向物流(海森, 采盖尔斯基&汉娜,2011)或绿色环保物流的一般条款(罗杰斯&伦布克,2001)，而不是逆向物流和闭环供应链。