sickness.认知的）performance also seems
Even more people are visiting high-altitude sites for work, sport, religious pilgrimages and military can lead to cognitive effects, including memory loss and attention difficulties.
There?s little you can do to prevent these symptoms other than acclimatize—but this takes time and doesn?t always work. A drug called oxiracetam might be the answer.
ShengLi Hu at the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China and her
colleagues studied the performance of male military personnel at altitude. All lived in towns around 1800 meters above sea level. During the study, they spent eight days at this altitude and then climbed for three days to reach 4000 meters, where they stayed for up to a month.
Twenty participants took oxriacetam three times a day for the first 15 days of the study, while another 20 received no intervention. The man did tests of attention and memory at the start and end of the study and 20 days in, by which time they had been at 4000 meters for nine days.
While all the participants experienced a drop in cognitive ability at 4000 meters, those who took oxiracetam showed a much smaller decline than the control group.
Blood flow measurements indicated that at high altitude, parts of the brain?s cerebral circulatory system contracted and dilated（扩张）in a way that promoted blood flow to the brain stem. This isn?t surprising, since the brain stem plays a critical role in the maintenance of basic vital signs.
The team also found that the brain stem received blood at the expense of areas responsible for more advanced cognitive functions. But in people who took oxiracetam, more arteries dilated, so blood flow throughout the brain rose. This may be how the drug seems to lessen cognitive problems liked with low oxygen.
It isn?t yet known whether diverting blood in this way could have negative effects in the long run.
“The results are striking and imply that oxiracetam may be beneficial for helping to relieve cognitive deficits caused by altitude,” says Timothy Hales at the University of Dundee, UK.
Oxiracetam is not licensed for medical use globally, but it is known to be a mild stimulant, says Hales. “Coca leaves have been used by native Andeans for centuries to overcome altitude sickness and this is attributed to their modest cocaine content. So perhaps it is not surprising that benefit can be derived from another, though mild, stimulant.”
61. The underlined word “acclimatize” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. adapt B. interact C. exist D. object 62. What does the experiment done in China reveal?
A. The higher altitude you are at, the slower your brain will be. B. At 4000 meters, the two subject groups show no difference. C. Memory tests are beneficial to relieving attention difficulties.
D. “Smart drug” largely counters negative effects of altitude sickness.
63. According to the passage, the root cause of the cognitive effects lies in A. physical tiredness B. low oxygen content C. cognitive training D. extreme high altitude 64. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Fight high anxiety C. Keep sharp at altitude
B. Oxiacetam—a magic drug D. Problems on high-altitude sites D
. If you read The Fault in our stars only to find a young adult romance of Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters, then you definitely underestimate the power of sophisticated symbolism, emotions, and literature John Green offers. I remember someone saying “You
don’t read a great book; it reads you.” The fault in our stars is one of those books. It gives you the concept of what cancers are like, of how children in particular fight them, reveals and reminds you of your first love in life, always the youngest and the most innocent. I will resist my urge to tell you the plot and spoil the whole story, but I promise you every single page here is worth a great deal of excitement, humor and a bunch of other stuff listed down here which I think are interesting.
The book gives lives to where we find deaths. The joy of living comes in when terminal cancer is nothing more than just, “a side effect of dying”, when you can laugh in the misfortunes of disease and say “ I?m on a rollercoaster that only goes up, my friend.” The fault in our stars, however, stars with Hazel?s “depression” like many of us starts a new day. Thus, Hazel?s mother wants her cancer-stricken daughter to have a life, putting her in the Support Group. Later on, Issac and Augustus give her hope and something to believe in. The friendship tied by the shared intellectual curiosity and dreams. The story is so carefully plotted that even though Hazel doesn?t go to school like other kids, her life is so in touch with ours. Everyone in a while will feel as if everything goes wrong, that it sucks at being what it?s supposed to be. Bad grades, getting dumped, or even having a terminal disease. “The pain demands to be felt.” But after all, how long should it take us to give sufferings a break is subject to be viewed personally, since it would determine whether or not we become a type of Peter Van Houten, Hazel?s favorite writer in the novel.
John Green also cares about your dreams and ambitions. As you read through chapters, especially toward the end, you will find out Hazel and Augustus have widely different ideas of what they think is a “good life.” Here I find a reflection of my soul in Augustus?s, with all his desire to leave a mark on the world. Such a guy he is seeking for glories and meanings of life, fearing most oblivion. Others may find themselves, in contrast, caring not about recognition. They are like Hazel Grace, seeing heroism as an act of noticing and loving and sharing. Both
ideas are beautiful and proofed to be fearless to be together despite any mental or physical challenges lying on their way to the pursuit of happiness.
① “Apparently, the world is not a wish-granting factory.” The book embraces the restless, innocent desires of young minds.
② Would you care for a trip to Amsterdam
when you?re at the 4th stage of cancer to find out what happens after the end of your favorite book? Would you dare to love the dying, to be okay to love when you?re dying, or to forgive yourself for hurting those who love you in case you die? ③_ In the book, you will find
John Green mentions about how “some infinities are greater than other infinities,” which means, I think, infinities can be defined, expanded and shrunk. _ ④ Infinities are created
by taking chances, and if we fail while doing so, then the fault is simply in out stars, not ourselves.
Funny, romantic, unputdownable and profound, The fault in our stars is definitely one of the best young adult fiction books in the century. It may touch the readers in many different ways. In here some will find humor, some will find encouragement, and some will find a book as a bond for a new love story. But if you insist that you only want to read a good love story in The fault of in our stars, that?s fine too. It?s an excellent book that reminds us of those who are important.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 1 implies A. readers? views tend to vary on the same book B. readers choose books based on their tastes C. books are created to cater to different needs D. books can reflect readers? life
66. According to John Green, what is the basis for the friendship between Hazel and Augustus?
A. Dreaming of the same good life. B. Suffering from the common disease. C. Being curious and enterprising in life. D. Being attracted to each other for uniqueness. 67. The author believes that he is somewhat like _ A. Hazel B. Issac C. Augustus D. Peter Van Houten 68. Where does the sentence “We can all learn a lot from how Hazel and Augustus take chances and make the best out of them.” belong?
A. ① A. Our luck.
B. ② B. Our desire
C. ③ C. Our ability.
D. ④ D. Our identity.
69. What is to blame if we fail to create infinities?
70. Who is the book The fault in our stars mainly intended for? A. Patients with terminal diseases. B. Kids wishing for a bright future. C. Adults recalling their golden days.
D. Teenagers with some life experience. 第四部分 任务型阅读（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分） 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的 单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上，每个空格只填一个单词。 Everything we do involves risk. In our professional lives, trying to avoid risk is itself a risk: work too cautiously, and we risk missing the chance to grow and shine, and our careers may suffer for it.
We cannot avoid risk yet we often avoid thinking about it. That is a shame, because if we think strategically about risk, we can use it to increase our chances of coming through difficult situations with our goals intact. Rather than pretending risk doesn?t exist, why not learn to manage it to our own benefit?
The first step: Acknowledge the risks your projects face. Start by writing a list of the things that can go wrong. That may sound gloomy, but it?s essential. Your list need to be very thorough, and probably never can be. But try to identify common risks-like the departure of a key colleague for a new job or the failure of a new technique upon which your project depends. The types of risks you identify will depend on the specifics of your work.
Once you have a list of risks, evaluate each one in two scales: ? Likelihood. Force yourself to honestly assess how likely each risk is. ? Impact. Then think about how much damage could occur under each situation.
Now it?s time to draft a second, more-detailed list. Go back through your initial list and consider how you might make each potential negative outcome less likely to occur, and also how you might minimize the damage to your project if one does happen. In
project-management term, this step is known as risk mitigation. A mitigation is anything that makes a risk less likely to spoil your overall goal.
Once you have drafted your list of mitigations, the final step is to go down that list and think about which ones are “worth it”. Look at all the information you?ve gathered about your risks and mitigations, and make a call about what it makes sense to do. You probably
have more intuition in this area than you realize, because most of us instinctively do risk-mitigation calculations in the nonwork areas of our lives. For instance, every time you decide whether or not to buy a guarantee on a new electronic toy, you?re doing this calculation in your head.
You have probably been intuitively doing some sort of risk analysis in your work life, too. Moving to a more explicit analysis (but one that is more qualitative than
quantitative-unless you like to play with numbers) can encourage you to acknowledge when you?re making overly optimistic assumptions. And this gives you a better chance to make plans that will withstand the failure of at least a couple of those assumptions.
Bringing your risk analysis out from the field of intuition can also help you overcome a tendency to overly ignore risk. It is easier to go ahead and take a big risk when you know that you have mitigations in place and a backup plan if things go wrong.
Thinking about risk can be a big scary, but really, ignoring risk is the riskiest behavior of all.
Don’t Avoid Risk-Manage It
Passage outline
??Risk is 71. Introduction
way.
errors. for
Supporting details
whatever we do.
??Risk is beneficial to us if we cope with it in a 72. ??Admit the risks and make a list of 73. While evaluating them, make 74. likelihood and impact.
??Consider how to avoid the negative outcome to the greatest
Steps to manage risks
75. information.
78. analysis
of risk
79. 80. are that you will make more realistic up to failure.
assumptions. Meanwhile, a backup plan will be made for you to
and prevent your project from being 76. should it happen.
your effort by analyzing all the available
??Take advantage of your intuition to decide which risks 77.
第五部分 书面表达（满分 25 分） 81.请认真阅读下面有关公告图书馆的文字及相关图表，并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文章。
Libraries have always been at the heart of the communities they serve. They are accessible and safe spaces，providing access to huge resources of information and knowledge.