The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球,因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
(4)表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。 (5)表示条件
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立,分裂我们必然倒下。 Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心,你会犯更少的错误。 强调条件时,可以在前面加上unless, once等。如:
You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。
Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
二、分词的独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。
1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。如:
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭,我们开始讨论野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都卖出去了,我们只好等着看下周的演出。
2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如:
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束,从群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人,我没进大厅。
3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构,有时可用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如:
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下,躺在那里思考着。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮,因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。 with+宾语+宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构,其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等,在句中可作定语,也可作状语,表示原因、方式等。如:
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。 I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我,我会错过火车的。 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考试结束了,我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如:
generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly supposing, providing, provided等。如:
speaking,
judging
from/by, considering,
Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑,我非常喜欢。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考试到时间,我们已经决定明早一早出发。
分词的用法
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作;完成式(having + 过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如:
He hurried home, looking behind as he went. (同时发生)
Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place pretty well. (study 发生在 know 之前)
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式。
一、作定语
单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前;分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:
China is a developing country, belonging to the third world. 中国是个发展中国家,属于第三世界。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health. 受到污染的空气和水对人们健康有害。
The man standing at the window is our teacher.站在窗口的那个人是我们老师。
分词作后置定语时,一般可改为定语从句。例如:
The books written by Lu Xun sell well.可改为:
The books which were written by Lu Xun sell well. 鲁迅写的书很畅销。 注意:现在分词作定语时,表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后,一般不用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了那位打碎窗子的同学。 二、作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:
Being too old, he couldn’t walk that far.(原因) 由于年纪大了他走不了那么远。
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)他读书时,不时地点头。
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式) 老师站在那里,身旁围着学生。
Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.(条件)。如果你站在楼顶上,就能看到整个城市。
注意:1,分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。 2,表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词 when或 while引导。
3,有时,“ with (without) +名词(或代词宾语)+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况。例如:
The thief was brought in, with his hands tied behind. 那个小偷被反帮着双手带了进来。
4,当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不同时,分词必须有自己的主语。例如: Time permitting, I will finish the task ahead of time. 如果时间允许,我们将提前完成任务。
His glasses broken, he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. 他的眼镜被打破,不能看清黑板上的字。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们不得不走回家。
三、作表语 例如:
The news is exciting. 这个消息激动人心。
You shouldn’t try to stand up if you are badly hurt. 如果受了重伤,不要试图站起来。
四、作宾语补足语 例如:
The lost boys were last seen playing by the river. 最后一次看到那几个丢失的孩子时,他们正在河边玩。
John will get his room painted. 约翰将要找人漆房间。 注意:在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, make, listen to, notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词、过去分词作复合宾语,也可以用动词不定式(不带to ),但含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束);用过去分词表示动作是别人做的或与主语意识无关;用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。例如:
I saw the lady getting on the bus. 我看到那位女士正在上车。
I saw the lady get on the bus and drive off. 我看到那位女士上了车开走了。
He had his foot hurt in the fall. 跌倒时他摔伤了脚。 He had his clothes washed. 他找别人洗了衣服。
We had the fire burning all night long. 我们让火炉燃烧了一整夜。 过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别:
注:及物动词的过去分词表示“被动”,“完成”(不及物动词的过去分词只表示“完成”);现在分词表示“主动”,“进行”。