当他把面条放进碗里时,他意识到他忘了添加绿豆荚了。
7. Before she got a chance to say goodbye, he had gone into the building. 在她得到一个向他告别的机会之前,他已经进入楼房了。 【单元知识点】
1. By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 当我出来的时候,公共汽车已经走了。
by the time作连词引导时间状语从句,当从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时;当从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时或将来完成时。 如:By the time he was ten, Tom built a chemistry lab himself. 等到了十岁的时候,汤姆自己建了一个化学实验室。
I?ll be in bed by the time you get home. 你到家时,我已经上床睡觉了。
2. When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home. 当她到学校时,她意识到她把背包忘在家里了。
表示“把某物忘在某处”要用词组leave sth in a place。 如: I've left my umbrella at home. 我把伞忘在家里了。 I left my book on the desk. 我把书忘在桌子上。
forget意为“遗忘某物”,指忘记一件具体的东西,但不能有具体的地点。 如:I forgot my umbrella yesterday. 我昨天忘了带伞。 Don't forget the cases. 别忘了带箱子。 3. above adv. 在上面 above的用法 (1)作介词 在……上面
The moon is now above the trees. 月亮正位于树梢上。 在…之上,超过
They are children above six years old. 他们是六岁以上的孩子。 高于;优于;胜过
In the company, Dick ranks above Tom. 在公司里,迪克的地位比汤姆高。 不屑于;不致于
He considered himself above doing such things. 他自认为是不会去做那种事的。
(2)作副词 在上面;向上面
There are snowy peaks above. 上面是白雪皑皑的群峰。 (级别、数目等)更高;更大;更多
Men and women of eighteen and above are eligible to vote. 年龄在十八岁以上的男女有投票表决权。 在上文
See the examples given above. 见上述例子。 (3)作名词 上文;上述事实
In addition to all of the above, she won a Prize in 1980. 除上述外,她还在1980年获奖。
4. alive adj. 活着的;有生气的
31
alive, living 与live
(1)alive 主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:He must be still alive. 他一定还活着。
注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如:He is a really alive student. 他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。
(2)living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。
如:Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?
alive 和 living 表示“活着的”,两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可互换。如:谁是当代最伟大的诗人? Who is the greatest living poet? Who is the greatest poet alive? 若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living 通常是客观描述某人“尚在人间”或“健在”,而 alive 则主要指生与死的“界限”。
如:He was still alive when I reached the hospital. 当我赶到医院时他还活着。 (3)live 通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:
He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着 5. empty (adj.)空的;空闲的 (v.) 排空;倒出
(1)作形容词,常用表语或定语,此时其反义词是full。
如:He took his empty coffee cup back to the counter. 他把空咖啡杯送回到柜台。
We walked in the empty street. 我们走在空旷的街上。 (2)作动词,后常接宾语,此时其反义词是fill。 如:He emptied his tool bag. 他腾出自己的工具袋。 She emptied the box. 她倒空了箱子。
6. Last Friday night, my friend invited me to his birthday party. 上周五晚上,我朋友邀请我参加他的生日晚会。
invite sb. to a place(或一活动、聚会) 意为“邀请某人到某一地方或参加某一活动”;而invite sb to do sth. 意为“邀请某人做某事”。
如: I think we have many friends now, and we must invite them to our place. 我想我们现在有很多朋友了, 我们也应该邀请他们到我们家做客。 Kitty?s teacher Mr Wu invited me to join their school trip to the World Park. 基蒂的老师吴老师邀请我参加了去世界公园的学校郊游活动。
7. Wells made it sound so real that hundreds of people believed the story and fear spread across the whole country.
威尔斯讲述这个新闻起来如此的真实,以致成百上千的人都相信了这个故事,进而引发了全国性的恐慌。
so…that在此引导结果状语从句,so后面应加一个形容词或副词,意为“如此……以至于……”。
如:This book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it.这本书是如此的有趣以至于全班同学都想看看。(so+形容词)
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.他跑得那么快,以至于我跟不上
32
他。(so+副词)
表示“如此……以至于……”之意时, so…that, too…to do sth., enough to do sth. 这三个句型可互换使用。
(1)在so…that句型中,当主语和从句都是肯定式,且主、从句的主语指的是同一人时,可简化为enough to do sth.结构。 如:He ran so fast that he caught up with us quickly. =He ran fast enough to catch up with us quickly. 他跑得飞快,很快就赶上了我们。
(2)在so…that句型中,当主句和从句都是肯定式,但主、从句的主语不一致时,可简化成enough for sb. to do sth.结构。
如:The problem is so easy that she can work it out. =The problem is easy enough for her to work out. 这道题很容易,她能解答出来。
(3)在so…that句型中,当主句和从句的主语一致,但主句是肯定式,从句是否定式时,可简化成enough to do sth. 或too…to do sth.结构。与enough to do sth.转换时,形容词或副词应变为与之相反的词,前面的动词为否定式。 如:He is so young that he can?t go to school. =He is too young to go to school. =He is not old enough to go to school. 他还没到上学的年龄。
如果主从句的主语不一致,须在to do sth.前加for sb 作为不定式的逻辑主语。
The problem is so difficult that we can?t work it out. =The problem is too difficult for us to work out. =The problem isn?t easy enough for us to work out. 这道题太难了,我们解答不出来。 【语法归纳】
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 两者主要区别是时间的参照点不同:
过去完成时的时间参照点是某个“过去的”时间;现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。因此现在完成时中的很多规则,也适用于过去完成时。 例句:
When I got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.当我到达电影院时,电影已演了五分钟了。(got是一个过去的“时间点”,电影“开始”在我“到达”之前,是“过去的过去”。因为for five minutes为延续一段的时间状语,应用可延续的系表结构be on的过去完成时形式。)
注:过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它,因此当原句中若找不到一个“过去的时间”作为参照点时,是不能用过去完成时的。 例句:
He got to the railway station and suddenly realized that he had forgotten to bring his ticket.他到了火车站后忽然意识到他竟忘记带车票了。(“忘记”这一动作在“意识到”这一动作之前。)
Unit13《We're trying to save the earth!》知识点 【短语归纳】
33
1. at the bottom of the river 在河床底部 2. be full of the rubbish 充满了垃圾
3. throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中
4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净 5. land pollution 土地污染
6. fill the air with black smoke 使空气中充满了黑烟 7. cut down air pollution 减少空气污染 8. make a difference 产生影响 17. take action 采取行动 18. turn off 关掉 19. pay for 付费 20. add up 累加
21. use public transportation 使用公共交通 22. recycle books and paper 回收书和废纸 23. use paper napkins 使用纸巾 24. turn off the shower 关掉喷头 25. ride in cars 开车出行
【重点句子】
1. Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish. 即使河底都充满垃圾。 2. Everyone in town should play a part in cleaning it up. 城里的每个人都应当尽一份力把它清理干净。
3. The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road these days.
空气被严重污染因为如今路上的汽车太多了。
4. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving.
为了减少空气污染,我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车。
5. I used to be able to see stars in the sky. 我过去能在天空中看到星星。 6. The air has become really polluted around here. I?m getting very worried. 这儿的空气真的已经被污染了,我非常担心。
7. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health. 没有科学研究说明鱼鳍对人们的健康有好处。 【单元知识点】
1. cost vt.1. 花费;价格为;值
例句: It must cost a good deal to live here. 住在这里一定要花很多钱的 拓展:take, spend ,cost ,pay的用法都可以表示“花费”,但用法却不尽相同。
1) spend的主语必须是人, 常用于以下结构: (1) spend time /money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱)。例:I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2) spend time /money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事。例:They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
34
(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买……例:His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。
2) cost的主语是物或某种活动, 还可以表示“值”, 常见用法如下: (1)sth. costs (sb.) +金钱,某物花了(某人)多少钱。例:A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。
(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) +时间,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。例:Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
注意:cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。 3) take后面常跟双宾语, 常见用法有以下几种:
(1) It takes sb. +时间+to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例:It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 (2)doing sth. takes sb. +时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。例:Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 4) pay的基本用法是: (1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……例:I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。
(2)pay for sth. 付……的钱。例:I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。
(3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱。例:Don?蒺t worry!I'll pay for you. 别担心,我会给你付钱的。
(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人。 例: They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。 (5)pay money back 还钱。例:May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗?下周还你。 (6)pay off one's money还清钱。
2. This method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment. 这种方法不仅残酷,而且对环境有害。 (1)not only…but also…意为“不仅……而且……”用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分,着重强调后者,其中的also有时可以省略。
如:She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。
He not only writes his own plays, he also acts in them. 他不仅是自编剧本, 还饰演其中的角色。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well. 他不仅平时工作,星期日也工作。
(2)若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。 如:Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你,他也得离开。 (3)若连接两个句子,not only后面的句子要用倒装, 如:Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确,而且讲得更不费劲了。
3. work n. (音乐,艺术)作品 work的用法 作名词
35