一、选择（20个） 二、判断（10~20个） 三、填空（5分）
四、词语解释（3个，各5分）
五、简答（2个，各10分；其中一个是语用学） 六、句子分析（4个）
IC analysis 是倒着的树形图
Chomsky 是有S, NP,VP…与其中的树形图。
1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:
1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is ______one of the design features of language.
A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is ______ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.
A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
3. _____ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one‘s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.
A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
4. _____ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn‘t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.
A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.
A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.
A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you. ” “Hi” to your friends is the _______of language. A. directive function B. informative function
C. phatic function (adj. 交流感情/交际应酬的) D. interrogative function
8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _____ function of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function
9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural C. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in _______.
A. speech sounds only B. all sounds
C. vowels only C. consonants only
11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p] 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫ ] C. [ l ] D. [θ]
15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ? A. [dЗ ] B. [ v ] C. [t∫] D. [θ]
16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel
17. Of the “words” listed below, _____ is not an English word ? A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p]
18. _____ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.
A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives C. Glides
19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in ______.
A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788
20. ____ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound II. Tell which statements are true or false. 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant.
2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. 4. Phone is a phonetic unit.
5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics.
6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. 7. The three / p / are allophones.
8. ‘peak’ is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated （不送气的）phonetically[ p=].
9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /.
10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.
key: BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCB FFTTT FTTFT
I. Choose the best choice(语音) 1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?
A. [m] B. [v] C. [p] D. [b] 2. Which is a voiceless affricate?
A. [w] B. [f] C. [t∫] D. [n] 3. Which is monophothong?
A. [i] B. [au] C. [ai] D. [ei] 4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?
A. [p] B. [m] C. [b] D. [t] 5. Which is a voiced affricate?
A. [j] B. [z] C. [t∫] D. [dЗ] 6. Which is a central vowel ?
A. [i] B. [?:] C. [ou] D. [a:]
7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 8. Which is a palatal fricative?
A. [s] B. [k] C. [∫ ] D. [l] 9. Which is not a English word?
A. [r ? b] B. [l?b] C. [sta:∫ ] D. [ lm?p] 10. Which is a unaspirate?
A. sky B. kill C. like D. kite
2. Semantics 练习
1. _______ is not included in Leech‘s associative meaning. A. Connotative meaning B. Social meaning C. Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning
2. Among Leech‘s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _______.
A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic
3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______.
A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense 4.‖Big‖ and ―Small‖ are a pair of ______ opposites.
A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. Converse 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are ______.
A. gradable opposites B, converse opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.
A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as ___. A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult A. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult
8. _____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the
meaning of each constituent word.
A. Collocation B. Idiom C. Semantic component D. Synonym 9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, ―thought or reference‖ is____ A. word, sentence B. the object C. concept D. symbol 10. A linguistic is interested in _____.
A. What is said. B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics. C. What is grammatical D. What ought to be said. 11. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are _____. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms
12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____. A. Lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words
13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―flower/tulip‖ ? A. Polysemy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Antonymy
14. The words ―railway‖ and ―railroad‖ are _____. A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning B. dialectal synonyms
C. collocationally-restricted synonyms D. synomyms differing in styles
15. The pair of words ―wide/narrow‖ are called____.
A. gradable opposites B. complementary antonyms C. co-hyponyms D. relational opposites
16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries? A. single/marries B. lend/borrow C. hot/cold D. old/young
DACBB _BBBB BACBA A
II. Answer the questions with “Yes” or ―No‖ .
1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y
2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? N
3. Can different expressions have the same referent? Y
4. Can reference be applied to words such as ―and‖ ,‖very‖ in English? N
III. State the following sentences ―True‖ or ―False‖.
1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T
2. In most cases, ―sense‖ and ―meaning‖ are different terms for the same thing. T 3. Every word has its own sense. F
4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same
sense. T
5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the
objective world. T
6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F
7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between
denotation and sense. T
8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate,
e.g. ?bus‘. T
9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F 10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F 11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T 12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T 13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T 14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T
15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary
16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. F
17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semantic components so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T
18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and a
selection of case ---categories. T
19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed set of relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases).
IV. What role does each of the underlined phrases play? 1. John hit Fred on the head with a brick.
A Ex Loc Ins 2. James heard the news from Peter. Ex. O Source
3. Mr. Smith made a vase out of this clay. A Resu Source
4. These books were given to my sister by John. O Bene A
5. Smoke filled the room. Ins Loc
V. Do the following pairs of sentences synonymous? What is the difference between
them.
1. He refused her invitation. General
He declined her incitation. polite Y
2. The young man had no gust to face the reality. Colloquial
The young man had no courage to face the reality. Y general 3. A torrent of rain inundated the basement. literary
A torrent of rain flooded the basement. common
4. His proposal was turned down by the committee. colloquial(口语的)
His proposal was rejected by the committee intense