5. Susan has recently rented a flat in this area. BE
Susan has recently rented an apartment in this area. AE
6. Eric bought a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. gen Eric purchased a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary.
formal
7. They came to pay their respect to the deceased. professional They came to pay their respect to the dead. General 8. This stuff has a bad smell. slang This material has a bad smell. Common
VI. Write down the logic formulae for the following simple propositions: 1. John loves his family. L(j,f)
2. Matha is the aunt of Peter. Aunt (m,p) 3. Jack is lying in bed. Lie (j, b) 4. Ellen is proud of her son. Proud (e, s)
5. Jim returned the book to the professor. Return (j,b, p) 6.
VII. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word. Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three
components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky‘s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).
Most language utterances（话语） depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9) ----the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky‘s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.
1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning 2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax
3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical 4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning 5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar 6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context 7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer
8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative 9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar
10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary 11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human 12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic 13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.
DABBB DADCB DBA
3. Exercises to Pragmatics
1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. A. Syntax B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics
2. There are ______deixis in the sentence ― she has sold it here yesterday. ‖. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
3. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______. A. the speech Act theory B. the Co-operative principles C. the Polite principles D. pragmatics
4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. A. Locutionary act B. Illocutionary act C. Perlocutionary act D. Speech act
5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act. A. ―I hereby declare Mr. Williams elected.‖ B. ―Good morning!‖
C. ―could you open the window?‖
D. ―I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ‖ 6. In the following conversation: A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it?
B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. B violates the _____.
A. Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim
7. The maxim of _____ requires that a participant‘s contribution be relevant to the conversation.
A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relation 8. For the following conversation:
A: Did you see my book in the classroom this morning? B: I was in the library.
_____ is the conversation implicature.
A. B saw A‘s book B. B was not in the classroom that morning C. B did not see A‘s book D. B stole A‘s book.
9. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that is studies meaning not in isolation, but in _____.
A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context
10. _____ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered. A. Sentence-meaning B. Utterance-meaning C. The reference D. The meaning 11. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker. A. Locutionary B. Illocutionary C. Perlocutionary D. Speech act
12. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue? A: Can you answer the telephone? B: I‘m in the bath.
A. relation B. quality C. quantity D. manner 13. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is ? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.
A. quality B. quantity C. manner D. relation 14. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?
B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren‘t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.
A. quality B. quantity C. manner D. relation 15.. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you.
What is the illocutionary act of speaker A? A: This bag is heavy.
B: I don‘t want to carry it away.
C. Could you help me with this bag? D. I‘m very happy about it.
16. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn‘t it ? B: The pattern is nice.
What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?
A. Quality B. Quantity C. Manner D. Relation
17. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50‘s of the 20th century.
A. John Austin B. John Searle C. Paul Grice D. Chomsky
18. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts.
A. John Austin B. John Searle C. Paul Grice D. Halliday
19. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice B. John Searle C. John Austin D. Levinson
20. According to Austin‘s theory of speech act, act is using a _____ sentence to convey one‘s intention.
A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary
C. illocutionary D. indirect speech.
21. A(n )‖_____‖ means that some sentences, in the utterance and the
seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly. A. direct speech act B. indirect speech act C. illocutionary act D. utterance
22. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.
A. speech act theory B. CP theory
C. communicative competence D. linguistic competence
23. According to Searle, speech acts fall into ______ general categories. A. four B. five C. six D. seven
24. There are ____ maxims under the cooperative principle. A. Five B. four C. two D. three
25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.
A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism
26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning B. context C. form D. content
27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language. A. Speaking B. Spoken C. Sound D. Speech
28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.
A. syntactic B. semantic C. grammatical D. pragmatic
29. Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ______ of language use was left unconsidered.
A. brevity B. context C. accuracy D. none of the above 30. Of the three acts, linguists are most interested in the _______. A. locutionary act B. perlocutionary act C. illocutionary act D. none of the above
31. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____. A. false B. true C. brief D. orderly
32. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____. A. utterance meaning B. speech act theory C. conversational implicatures D. all of the above 33. Pragmatics is a study of
A. language learning B. language acquisition C. language planning D. language in use
CBAAC CDCDB BABDC DABAC BABBA BDABB ACD
II. True or false questions
1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F 2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T 表述句，受约句，表情句，
指令句，陈述句
3. ―We can do things with words‖ ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T
4. ―I hereby declare war ‖ is the typical utterance of ―speech act theory‖. T
5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T
6. ―Locution‖ means the speaker‘s intention. F
7. ―Perlocution‖ is used to bring effects on the audience. T
8. ―Can you pass me the salt, please? ‖ is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F 9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. F not words but contextual features F
10. ―Pragmatics ― is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T 11. ―In Semantics‖ the sentence meaning should be studied. T X表达什么意义x 12. ― In pragmatics ‖ the utterance meaning should be studied. T X想表达什么
13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F
14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T
15. ―What‘s that?‖ that is a location deixis. F person d
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning. 16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication B 17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more D 18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself C 19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. Pragmatics D
4. Exercises to Chapter 4 Syntax I. General view of syntax
1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.
2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate. 3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher‘s , kiss him 宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格