4． Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other. 5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系 6. langue and parole
Langue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Stability Parole: actual speech
7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image) 1. 所指 2 能指 之间的关系是任意的 8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Syntagmatic: what precedes or follows 9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics 10. ―Rheme‖ ―Theme‖
负载交际能力最小的是主位。负载交际能力最大的是述位。 11. IC analysis: to analyze the relation between sentence and its component elements.
12. endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心，离心 ①Which serves a centre or head. AP, NP,VP ②no definable centre or head. PP,V+O ,be + A. 无中心 13. deep structure and surface structure
①underlying level of structural relation 潜藏在人们意识中的结构 ②closed to people produced and received.声音文字直接感受到的 14.
1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with another word or phrase. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.
A. Syntactic relations B. paradigmatic relations C. Linear relations D. Government
2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker‘s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ . A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics
3. What does ?IC‘ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?
A. inferential Connective B. inflectional Component C. Immediate Constituent D. Implicative Communication
4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut? Draw a tree diagram of this sentence. A. between stone and yesterday B. between she and broke C. between broke and the window D. between window and with
5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).
A. parts of speech B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words
6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?
A. gender B. number C. case D. voice
7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. A. Concord B. Immediate constituent C. Syntagmatic relations D. Government
8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form. A. Bloomfield B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Sussure
9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____. A. subordinate endocentric construction B. coordinate endocentric construction C. subordinate exocentric construction D. coordinate exocentric construction
10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.
A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settings B. tell people how to speak appropriately C. tell people what is right in language use D. Look for ?the universal grammar‘ 11. What is the full form of LAD ? A. Language associative district B. Language acquisition device C. Linguistic acquisition district D. Language associative device
12. A speaker‘s actual utterance in Chomsky‘s terminology is called _____.
A. deep structure B. linguistic universals C. universal grammar D. surface structure
13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14． F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist. A. American B. British C. Swiss D. Russian
15. What is the construction of the sentence ―The boy smiled‖?
A. Exocentric B. Endocentric C. Coordinate D. Subordinate
16. ―You sit down‖ is transformed into ―Sit down‖. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion
17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist. A. British B. Russian C. American D. French
18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book ―Syntactic Structure‖.
A. 1920 B.1957 C. 1965 D. 1970
19. ―A fish is swimming in the pond‖ is transformed into ―There is a fish swimming in the pond‖. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion
20.The phrase ―men and women‖ belong to the ______Construction. A. predicate B. coordinate C. subordinate D. exocentric
21. ______ refers to a construction where one clause is coordinated with another.
A. Embedding B. Recursiveness