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be + doing 进行时表示go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 将来 表示按计划即将发生的动作 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面I was about to leave when the bell rang. 4 be about to + 动词原形 The meeting is about to close. 一般不跟时间状语 5 be to + 动词原形 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一The meeting starts at five o’clock. 6 一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening. 般现在时表示将来 II. 动词的被动语态： 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… 意 It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 事 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. 项 The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
七．情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法： 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 能力（体力，智力，技能） can can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can. 允许或许可（口语中常用） could couldn’t do No,…can’t. 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中） May…do…? Yes,…may. may may not do 可以（问句中表示请求） No,…mustn’t/can’t. 可能，或许（表推测） Might…do…? Yes,…might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might might not do No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. 必须，应该（表主观要求） must must not/mustn’t do No,…needn’t/don’t have to. 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） Do…have to do…? 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称have to don’t have to do Yes,…do. No,…don’t. 变化） ought not to/oughtn’t to Ought…to do…? ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should do Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. Shall…do…? 将要，会 shall shall not/shan’t do Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. 用于一三人称征求对方意见 3 3eud教育网 http://www.3edu.net 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！
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should will would dare need 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该（表义务责任） should not/shouldn’t do 本该（含有责备意味） will not/won’t do 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 would not/wouldn’t do 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 过去常常（现在已不再） Should…do…? used to Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? dare not/daren’t do Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? need not/needn’t do Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? used not/usedn’t/usen’t to Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. do Did…use to do…? didn’t use to do Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测： 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八．非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 构成 非谓语形式 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 to do to be done for sb. to do 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 to be doing to have been done sth. 不定式 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 to have done being done 现在doing 在非谓 having been done 分词 having done 分语前加具有副词和形容词的作用 not 词 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去done 分词 doing being done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 动名词 having done having been done 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 3eud教育网 http://www.3edu.net 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！
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II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾语的hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 动词 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾语的can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be 动词或短语 proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习意义基本相同 惯行为） need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） 两stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 意义相反 者stop doing 停止正在做的事 都remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） 可remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on doing（接着做同一件事） 以 try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） mean to do（打算做，企图做） 意义不同 try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean doing （意识是，意味着） can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 不定式 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 过去分词 IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 举例 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. Shall we go to the swimming pool? the boiling water / the boiled water 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之the developing country/the developed country 过去分词 the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定My dream is to become a teacher. 不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, 式 且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽It is no use saying that again and again. 动名象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时Teaching is my job. 词 可以和主语互换位置。 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多The situation is encouraging. 分词 表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 The book is well written. 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, 3eud教育网 http://www.3edu.net 教学资源集散地。可能是最大的免费教育资源网！
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经I heard him call me several times. 完成 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚I found her listening to the radio. 未完成 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调We found the village greatly changed. 状态 区别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示不定式 与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，3eud教育网 http://www.3edu.net 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！
主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感disappointing, puzzling, shocking, 到…”之意，主语多是人。 boring, amusing及其-ed形式) 九．简单句的五种基本句型 1. S+V+P 2. S +V 3. S+V+O 4 .S+V+O+O 5. S+V+O+C
句型一 主语+系动词+表语
[讲解] (1) 系动词的三种分类：在初中阶段，我们学过的表示“保持或状态”类的有be, remain, stay, keep, prove等；表示“变化”类的有grow, turn, get, become, fall, go, come等；表示“感官”类的有look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear等。例如：
I am a senior school student while he is a junior one. 我是高中生，他是初中生。
After four years, Tom became a doctor/ turned doctor. 四年后，汤姆成了一名医生。
The story sounds interesting and instructive. 这故事听起来既有趣，又有教育意义。
(2) 可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词(短语)、介词短语、表语从句、分词(短语)等。例如： In order to keep healthy, he takes exercise everyday. (形容词作表语) In my mind, mother is my hero. (名词作表语) Look! Your pet dog is there. (副词作表语)
The schoolbags come in different sizes. (介词短语作表语)
You’ve changed a lot. You are not what you were. (表语从句作表语) Many passengers got injured in the accident. (过去分词作表语) The machine keeps running for a long time. （现在分词短语作表语）
(3) 使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。第四，非谓语一般用现在分词(这一点仅作了解，高中阶段将涉及。)
例如：After two-day’s treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt) He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用 is remained)
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比较以下句子：
The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson. (keeps是系动词，而kept是及物动词)
We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. (grew是及物动词，而grow是系动词) Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. (第一个felt是及物动词，而第二个是系动词)
[练习] 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。
(1) I __________(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has __________(turn / become) engineer. (2) Put the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It __________ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily. (3) What he said __________(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.
(4) He feels __________(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office. (5) We do morning exercises to __________(keep / turn / become) healthy. (6) The apple __________(tastes / is tasted) sweet.
(7) Please keep __________(安静); The baby has fallen __________(睡着). (8) They work day and night to make their dream come __________(实现).
Key:
(1) — (4) remain, turned; goes; sounds; comfortable (5) — (8) keep; tastes; quiet, asleep; true 句型二 主语+不及物动词
[讲解] (1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。 (2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。
(3) 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如： The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词) The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. (第一个sell为不及物动词，而第二个是及物动词)。
[练习] 1. 指出划线部分动词的词性，是及物动词还是不及物动词。 (1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( ) (2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( ) (3) His father used to work hard to make much money. ( )
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